There is growing interest in odor and gaseous

EM 8982-E August 2009 Ammonia Control Best Management Practices Troy Downing, Oregon State University Dairy Extension, Tillamook, Oregon Mike Gamroth, Oregon State University Dairy Specialist, Corvallis, Oregon There is growing interest in odor and gaseous emissions from livestock operations because of concern about global warming and enforcement of the Clean Air Act. This bulletin provides and evaluates best management practices for the control of ammonia lost to the air on dairy farms. Benefits are based on an approximation of ammonia emissions using currently available information. There are likely to be significant variations with region of the country, climate, and management of the dairy cattle housing system. LIQUID MANURE STORAGE AND TREATMENT Synthetic Cover Impermeable lagoon cover with an air- and watertight seal over the manure surface. Requires a vent to release carbon dioxide and methane and a drain to pump the rainwater off. Cover concentrates nitrogen in the liquid in the lagoon. Manure samples should be taken to ensure that nitrogen is applied to crops at appropriate rates. Benefits Open lot system reduction Freestall scrape system high system high Geotextile Cover Permeable cover constructed of nonwoven synthetic felt. Constructed to provide complete coverage over liquid surface. Cover concentrates nitrogen in the lagoon. Manure samples should be taken to ensure that nitrogen is applied to crops at appropriate rates. Loss of evaporation from surface reduces storage capacity. Monitor lagoon liquid levels frequently and adjust land application plan if needed. Solids Separation Gravity or mechanical separation system to remove manure solids from liquid waste stream. Separation pits should be cleaned on a regular basis. Holding times should be less than 1 month. Solids separated from mechanical systems should be removed from the separator on a regular basis, not to exceed 3 days. Separate Slurry and Liquid Manure Basins Construction and use of separate holding basins or lagoons to keep parlor wastewater and corral runoff away from concentrated slurry (manure and urine). Applicable systems include freestall scrape and open-lot dairies, which scrape their feeding alleys. no benefit Aerated Lagoon Biological treatment basin designed to decompose liquid manure and nitrify ammonia in the presence of oxygen. Systems should utilize submerged microbubble systems to reduce ammonia loss. Operational cost for lagoon aeration can be significant. 1

GENERAL PRACTICES Vegetative or Wooded Buffers Mixture of hardwood and evergreen trees or shrubs control, capture, and mix higher, elevated, cleaner air with er, dust- and odor-laden air from the ground surface. Buffers are also effective on odor and dust. Should be installed between production facility or lagoon and neighbors. (An established stand has reached its mature growth stage; establishment refers to sites that have not reached mature growth.) Benefits Established Open lot Freestall scrape Establishment Open lot Freestall scrape FREESTALL BARNS Scrape Built-up Manure Removal of built-up manure around the yard and manurehandling system. Specific emphasis on ends of barns, around collection pits, mixing tanks, and manure loading areas. Effective for reducing odors and flies. Benefits Open lot no effect OPEN LOTS AND CORRALS Rapid Manure Removal Removal of wintertime manure and corral bedding from open-lot surface in spring or as quickly as practicable. Manure can then be stockpiled, composted, or exported from the dairy. Loose housing Corral Harrowing Corral harrowing to distribute deposited manure, reshape corral surface, and/or remove manure from corral surface. Harrowing should be conducted no less than 3 times per week when weather conditions permit. Surface Amendments Use of liquid and dry chemical products to bind or chemically target the conversion of urea to ammonia gas. Effectiveness of production and described use should be specified by manufacture testing. Products may include, but are not limited to, alum, magnesium sulfate, and acids. Benefits Open lot high In-Corral Composting/Stockpiling Stockpiling and subsequent drying and potential decomposition of winter manure and bedding in corral through summer and fall. Practice promotes the timely stacking and cleaning of corral surfaces. Summertime Deep Bedding One-time application of 6 inches of straw on open corral surface. An approximate 40% reduction in ammonia emission is achieved. This practice employs a layer of straw to prevent urine and feces from collecting in the same area in the open lot. Feces deposited on straw are aled to dry and thus shed liquids if urinated upon. Ammonia emissions are reduced by minimizing the time that urine and feces are in contact, during which urea can be converted to ammonia. ANIMAL NUTRITION Manage Dietary Protein With the assistance of a professional nutritionist, develop and fol a feeding strategy that more closely fols National Research Council guidelines and meets the herd s production requirement. Incorporate phase feeding, analyze all feeds, measure milk urea nitrogen (MUN) regularly, or use appropriate amino acids or enzymes. COMPOSTING PRACTICES Alum Incorporation Regular incorporation of aluminum sulfate with fresh material to reduce ammonia volatilization. Dissolved phosphorus is also reduced in the applied product. Freestalls scrape 2

Manipulation of the Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio Management and material selection to ensure that the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is greater than 35:1 in the finished compost material. Lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratios promote greater ammonia volatilization. Composting with Windrows Aerobic decomposition of manure or other organic materials placed in long rows. Can be actively turned windrows, passive windrows, actively aerated windrows, or passively aerated windrows. Benefits Open lot no benefit Freestall scrape no benefit no benefit Composting with Static Piles Engineered composting system through the aerobic decomposition of manure or other organic materials placed in long rows that are not turned or mixed, but have aeration pipes that improve air transfer. Bulking agents, such as shredded wood, should be used to ensure pile porosity. Forced-Aeration Composting Engineered composting method using long rows or containers in which air is drawn or forced into the piles by using mechanical bers. These piles are not turned. Make sure air is dispersed evenly through the pile. Bulking agents, such as shredded wood, should be used to ensure pile porosity. LAND APPLICATION PRACTICES Soil Injection: Slurry Placement of manure slurry (manure of 8%-15% solids) or separated solids beneath the soil surface with a minimum of mixing or stirring of the soil. Injection of slurry or separated solids reduces ammonia emissions, odor, and flies. The nitrogen value of the slurry will be 15% 40% greater than if the manure is not incorporated. Incorporation of Manure within 24 Hours Tilling of field surface foling liquid or solid manure application within 24 hours after beginning the manure application. Also effective in reducing hydrogen sulfide emissions and fly propagation. Irrigation with Freshwater Immediately after Applying Manure Pumping fresh water immediately after applying manure helps incorporate manure into the soil and reduces ammonia volatilization. Low Energy and Pressure Application Systems (LEPA systems) Center pivot and liner-move irrigation strategy that applies liquids at pressures using drop nozzles. Larger droplets result in er emissions, but may cause infiltration problems in some soils. Designed systems and sprinkler packages should not exceed 35 psi. Low-pressure overhead sprinklers and wheel lines do not qualify as LEPA technologies. Also effective on hydrogen sulfide and odor. Freshwater Dilution Dilute irrigated wastewater by a minimum of 50% (waste to fresh water in a 1 : 1 ratio) during all irrigation events. Dilutions can be made in approved mixing pond or chemigation systems. Pivot Drag Hoses Low-pressure application method that als the liquid to be applied on the soil surface directly in the row. This method decreases the amount of liquid lost to wind drift and decreases the energy costs associated with pumping enough liquid to maintain the high pressures required for the impact heads. Systems should use pressure regulators or ball valves to regulate f from drag hoses. Also effective on hydrogen sulfide and odor. 3

PRACTICES NOT FREQUENTLY CONSIDERED In-House Separation Specialized floor design aling fecal material to remain in place while urine is removed. This practice uses floor designs that prevent urine and feces from collecting in the same area within the freestall barn. Ammonia emissions are reduced by minimizing the time that urine and feces are in contact, during which urea can be converted to ammonia. Benefits Open lot no benefits no benefit Anaerobic Digester Treatment system that anaerobically digests organic matter from manure and by using bacteria converts it into methane. The methane may then be used to generate electricity or to replace natural gas as a fuel. A steady supply of manure is needed. Typically there is no change in nutrient concentration without additional treatment. Effective in reducing volatile organic compounds, biological oxygen demand, and odor. Benefits Limited in any housing system Sequencing Batch Reactor Single-tank treatment system that als for the sequencing of anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic conditions in the tank by scheduling the feeding and aeration of wastewater. Successful systems have been documented to reduce the total nitrogen in animal wastewater by 85%. Also effective in reducing volatile organic compounds, biological oxygen demand, and odor. Lagoon Nitrification and Denitrification System Engineered lagoon modification or stand-alone system designed and operated to convert wastewater ammonia to nitrate and then to nitrogen gas. Quarterly monitoring of inf and outf nitrogen species is required to track system performance. Also effective in reducing volatile organic compounds, biological oxygen demand, and odor. Fixed-Media Aeration System Stand-alone treatment system designed and operated to convert wastewater ammonia to nitrate by growing bacteria on a medium or substrate. Several systems have been shown to denitrify wastewater nitrate into nitrogen gas. Also effective in reducing volatile organic compounds, biological oxygen demand, and odor. Forced-Aeration Composting with Biofilter Engineered composting method in which air is drawn through the compost and discharged into a biofilter composed of long rows or containers of carbon material. These piles are not turned. Bulking agents, such as shredded wood, should be used to ensure pile porosity. This practice works by filtering volatile compounds and ammonia, then aling aerobic microorganisms to degrade the compounds. Subsurface Irrigation Specialized irrigation method that als for precise applications of liquid to the root zone of the plant. System requires a specialized filtering system to handle wastewater solids. Specialized wastewater-approved drip lines should be used to prevent clogging. Also effective on hydrogen sulfide and odor. For more information on wastewater subsurface drip systems, visit the site www. oznet.ksu.edu/sdi. The nitrogen value of the wastewater is 15%-40% greater than if the manure is not incorporated. 4

Ammonia Control Best Management Practices Checklist Circle your practices. See text for descriptions of each. Open lot Freestall scrape Years used Liquid manure storage and treatment Synthetic lagoon cover high high Geotextile cover Solids separation Separate slurry/liquid basins no benefit Aerated lagoon high General practices Vegetative or wooded buffer: established Vegetative or wooded buffer: establishment Freestall barns Scrape built-up manure no benefit Open lots and corrals Rapid manure removal Corral harrowing Surface amendments high In-corral composting Summertime deep bedding Animal nutrition Manage dietary protein Composting practices Alum incorporation C : N ratio manipulation Windrow composting no benefit no benefit no benefit Static pile composting Forced-air composting Forced-air composting with biofilter Land application practices Slurry injection high Soil incorporation within 24 hours Irrigation foling application Low-pressure application systems Freshwater dilution Pivot drag hoses Practices not frequently used In-barn separation no benefit no benefit Anaerobic digester limited limited limited Sequencing batch reactor high high Lagoon nitrification/denitrification high high high Fixed-media aeration high high high Subsurface irrigation 2009 Oregon State University. This publication was produced and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational programs, activities, and materials without discrimination based on age, color, disability, gender identity or expression, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran s status. Oregon State University Extension Service is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Published August 2009. 5