Dr. Benjamín Colucci Ríos

Centro de Transferencia de Tecnología en Transportación Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura UPR-Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Call Box 9000 * Mayagüez, PR 00681 Tel. 787-834-6385 * Fax: 787-265-5695 * www.uprm.edu/prt2 30 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes Instructor Dr. Benjamín Colucci Ríos Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura UPR Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Septiembre 2016

2 To provide practical guidelines of the safety procedures and standards to be followed at temporary traffic control in construction sites in urban and rural areas using Part 1 and 6 of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD).

Topics to be covered: AM 3 Overview of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and its applicability to Puerto Rico Description of basic definitions applicable to MUTCD Part 1 (crashworthy, engineering judgment, engineering study, temporary traffic control zone, temporary control device, worker, standards, guidance, option and support). Description of the fundamental components of a Traffic Control Plan (TCP): Advance Warning Area Transition Area Activity Area Termination Area Device specifications applicable to each area of the Temporary Traffic Control Plan (signs, panels, drums, signals, barricades, Variable Message Signs-VMS, Automated Flagger Assistance Device-AFAD) Human factors (drivers, pedestrians, workers and flaggers) and their relation to safety in temporary construction zones

Topics to be covered: PM 4 Description of Typical Applications (TA) of the MUTCD applicable to urban and rural settings Workshop: Development of Traffic Control Plan (TCP) for Temporary Traffic Control Rural & Urban Example of adequate and inadequate use of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in highway and utility work zones Brainstorming for increasing awareness and affirmative actions in the effective implementation of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in rural and urban settings The flaggers role, vest and the equipment of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) applicable to their functions (STOP/SLOW Paddle) http://aconezone.com/

5 MUTCD Acronyms and Abbreviations (Section 1A.14) 2. AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 3. ADA Americans with Disabilities Act 6. AFAD Automated Flagger Assistance Device 7. ANSI American National Standards Institute 14. FHWA Federal Highway Administration 23. ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers 28. MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 32. PRT Perception-Response Time 38. TTC Temporary Traffic Control 41. USDOT United States Department of Transportation

Module 1. An Overview to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and its applicability to Puerto Rico 6

7 Evolution of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) 1988, 1993, 2000, 2003, November 2004, December 2007 and December 2009 23 CFR, Part 655, Subpart F national standard for all traffic control devices installed on any street, highway, or bicycle trail open to public travel

Parts of the MUTCD, December 2009 Edition 8 Introduction 1. General Includes definitions 2. Signs 3. Markings 4. Highway traffic signals 5. Low-volume roads 6. Temporary traffic control (TTC) 7. School areas 8. Railroad and light rail transit grade crossings 9. Bicycle facilities http://www.richmond.ca/

Application of MUTCD 9... in 1966, the Secretary of Transportation has decreed that traffic control devices on all streets and highways in each State (US territories) shall be in substantial conformance with standards issued or endorsed by the Federal Highway Administration.

PART 1. GENERAL 10

11 PLEASE REFER TO THE MUTCD, DECEMBER 2009 EDITION, LATEST 2 REVISIONS DATED MAY 2012, PART 1: GENERAL (PDF VERSION) 11

Traffic Control Device Defined (MUTCD) 12 all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide traffic, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public agency having jurisdiction.

MUTCD Section 4 13 Standards for traffic control signals are important because traffic control signals need to attract the attention of a variety of road users, including those who are older, those with impaired vision, as well as those who are fatigued or distracted, or who are not expecting to encounter a signal at a particular location.

14 Basis of Installation or Removal of Traffic Control Signals Guidance: 01 The selection and use of traffic control signals should be based on an engineering study of roadway, traffic, and other conditions. Support: 02 A careful analysis of traffic operations, pedestrian and bicyclist needs, and other factors at a large number of signalized and unsignalized locations, coupled with engineering judgment, has provided a series of signal warrants, described in Chapter 4C, that define the minimum conditions under which installing traffic control signals might be justified.

Guidance: 15 03 Engineering judgment should be applied in the review of operating traffic control signals to determine whether the type of installation and the timing program meet the current requirements of all forms of traffic. 04 If changes in traffic patterns eliminate the need for a traffic control signal, consideration should be given to removing it and replacing it with appropriate alternative traffic control devices, if any are needed.

Guidance continued 16 05 If the engineering study indicates that the traffic control signal is no longer justified, and a decision is made to remove the signal, removal should be accomplished using the following steps: A Determine the appropriate traffic control to be used after removal of the signal. B. Remove any sight-distance restrictions as necessary. C. Inform the public of the removal study. D. Flash or cover the signal heads for a minimum of 90 days, and install the appropriate stop control or other traffic control devices. E. Remove the signal if the engineering data collected during the removal study period confirms that the signal is no longer needed.

Option: 17 06 Because Items C, D, and E in Paragraph 5 are not relevant when a temporary traffic control signal (see Section 4D.32) is removed, a temporary traffic control signal may be removed immediately after Items A and B are completed. 07 Instead of total removal of a traffic control signal, the poles, controller cabinet, and cables may remain in place after removal of the signal heads for continued analysis

Section 1A.12 Color Code 18 Support: The following color code establishes general meanings for 11 colors of a total of 13 colors that have been identified as being appropriate for use in conveying traffic control information. BLACK BLUE BROWN CORAL FLUORESCENT PINK FLUORESCENT YELLOW- GREEN GREEN LIGHT BLUE ORANGE PURPLE RED WHITE YELLOW

Color Code 19 Standard: 03 The general meaning of the 13 colors shall be as follows: A. Black regulation

Color Code 20 B. Blue road user services guidance, tourist information, and evacuation route http://drivinginstructorblog.com/

Color Code 21 C. Brown recreational and cultural interest area guidance http://rvsboqueron.wordpress.com/ unassigned

Color Code 22 E. Fluorescent Pink incident management http://www.usa-sign.com/ http://www.orafol.com/

Color Code 23 F. Fluorescent Yellow-Green pedestrian warning, bicycle warning, playground warning, school bus and school warning http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/ http://adotblog.blogspot.com/

Color Code 24 G. Green indicated movements permitted, direction guidance http://korean-world.blogspot.com/ http://pr.geoview.info/ unassigned

Color Code 25 I. Orange temporary traffic control http://www.floridafuntrafficschool.com/ http://www.safetysigns-mn.com/

Color Code 26 J. Purple lanes restricted to use only by vehicles with registered electronic toll collection (ETC) accounts http://cnynews.com/ http://www.skyscrapercity.com/ http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/

Color Code 27 K. Red stop or prohibition http://www.ricesigns.com/ http://pixgood.com/

Color Code 28 L. White regulation http://www.cepolina.com/

Color Code 29 M. Yellow warning http://domaingang.com/ http://www.cepolina.com/

Module 2. Description of basic definitions applicable to MUTCD Part 1 30

DEFINITIONS ON MUTCD DECEMBER 2009 EDITION (SECTION A.13, P.10) 31 I. Headings A. Standard B. Guidance C. Option D. Support II. Selected Words and Phrases 1. (28.) Changeable Message Sign 2. (6F.) Channelizing Device 3. (33.) Clear Zone 4. (43.) Crashworthy 5. (62.) Emergency- Vehicle Traffic Control Signal 6. (64.) Engineering Judgment 7. (65.) Engineering Study 8. (4L.) Flashing Beacon 9. (88.) Hybrid Beacon 10. (214.) Speed 11. (229.) Temporary Traffic Control Zone 12. (238.) Traffic Control Device 13. (256.) Worker

Standard 32 A. A statement of required, mandatory, or specifically prohibitive practice regarding a traffic control device. All Standard statements are labeled, and the text appears in bold type. The verb shall is typically used. The verbs should and may are not used in Standard statements. Standard statements are sometimes modified by Options. Standard statements shall not be modified or compromised based on engineering judgment or engineering study.

Guidance 33 B. A statement of recommended, but not mandatory, practice in typical situations, with deviations allowed if engineering judgment or engineering study indicates the deviation to be appropriate. All Guidance statements are labeled, and the text appears in unbold type. The verb should is typically used. The verbs shall and may are not used in Guidance statements. Guidance statements are sometimes modified by Options. Guidance: To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements: Fulfill a need Command attention Convey a clear, simple meaning Command respect from road users Give adequate time for proper response

Option 34 http://grace.allpurposeguru.com/ C. A statement of practice that is a permissive condition and carries no requirement or recommendation. Option statements sometime contain allowable modifications to a Standard or Guidance statement. All Option statements are labeled, and the text appears in unbold type. The verb may is typically used. The verbs shall and should are not used in Option statements.

Support 35 D. An informational statement that does not convey any degree of mandate, recommendation, authorization, prohibition, or enforceable condition. Support statements are labeled, and the text appears in unbold type. The verbs shall, should, and may are not used in Support statements. http://www.nestechenterprises.com/

Changeable Message Sign 36 28. A sign that is capable of displaying more than one message (one of which might be a blank display), changeable manually, by remote control, or by automatic control. Electronic-display changeable message signs are referred to as Dynamic Message Signs in the National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture and are referred to as Variable Message Signs in the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards publication. http://www.interwestsafety.com/ http://www.csppacific.co.nz/

37 Channelizing Device May be used for general traffic control purposes such as adding emphasis to reversible lane delineation, channelizing lines, or islands. Channelizing devices may also be used along a center line to preclude turns or along lane lines to preclude lane changing, as determined by engineering judgment. Cones Tubular markers Vertical panels Drums Lane separators Raised islands CHAPTER 3H http://www.pdbrooks.com/ http://www.quietzonetech.com/ http://www.peytonsbarricade.com/

Clear Zone 38 33. The total roadside border area, starting at the edge of the traveled way, that is available for an errant driver to stop or regain control of a vehicle. This area might consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, and/or a nonrecoverable, traversable slope with a clear run-out area at its toe. http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/

Crashworthy 39 43. A characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. http://www.cbt.com.my/

Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal 40 62. A special traffic control signal that assigns the right-of-way to an authorized emergency vehicle. http://www.elteccorp.com/

Engineering judgment 41 64. The evaluation of available pertinent information, and the application of appropriate principles, provisions, and practices as contained in this Manual and other sources, for the purpose of deciding upon the applicability, design, operation, or installation of a traffic control device. Engineering judgment shall be exercised by an engineer, or by an individual working under the supervision of an engineer, through the application of procedures and criteria established by the engineer. Documentation of engineering judgment is not required.

Engineering study 42 http://lx-group.com.au/ 65. The comprehensive analysis and evaluation of available pertinent information, and the application of appropriate principles, provisions, and practices as contained in this Manual and other sources, for the purpose of deciding upon the applicability, design, operation, or installation of a traffic control device. An engineering study shall be performed by an engineer, or by an individual working under the supervision of an engineer, through the application of procedures and criteria established by the engineer. An engineering study shall be documented.

Flashing Beacon 43 CHAPTER 4L Highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that operates in a flashing mode. Provides: traffic control when used as an intersection control beacon warning when used in other applications http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/

Hybrid Beacon 44 88. A special type of beacon that is intentionally placed in a dark mode (no indications displayed) between periods of operation and, when operated, displays both steady and flashing traffic control signal indications.

Speed 45 214. Speed is defined based on the following classifications: (a) Average Speed (b) Design Speed (c) 85th- Percentile Speed (d) Operating Speed (e) Pace the summation of the instantaneous or spotmeasured speeds at a specific location of vehicles divided by the number of vehicles observed. a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway. the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motor vehicles travel. a speed at which a typical vehicle or the overall traffic operates. the 10 mph speed range representing the speeds of the largest percentage of vehicles in the traffic stream.

Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zone 46 229. An area of a highway where road user conditions are changed because of a work zone or incident by the use of temporary traffic control devices, flaggers, uniformed law enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel. (prudencia) http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/

Traffic Control Device (TCD) 47 238. A sign, signal, marking, or other device used to regulate, warn, or guide traffic, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private road open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or shared-use path by authority of a public agency or official having jurisdiction, or, in the case of a private road open to public travel, by authority of the private owner or private official having jurisdiction.

Worker 48 256. A person on foot whose duties place him or her within the right-of-way of a street, highway, or pathway, such as street, highway, or pathway construction and maintenance forces, survey crews, utility crews, responders to incidents within the street, highway, or pathway right-of-way, and law enforcement personnel when directing traffic, investigating crashes, and handling lane closures, obstructed roadways, and disasters within the right-ofway of a street, highway, or pathway. http://www.highwaysindustry.com/

Module 3. Description of the Fundamental Components of a Traffic Control Plan (TCP) in a Temporary Work Zone 49

Merging taper, L A B 50 C

Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones 1. Advance Warning Area 51 Support Section of highway where road users are informed about the upcoming work zone or incident area. Option May vary from a single sign or high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle to a series of signs in advance of the TTC zone activity area.

Table 6C-1. Suggested Advance Warning Sign Spacing, MUTCD 2003 Edition (metric units and formulas were eliminated) 52 Distance in meters (feet) V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed

Table 6C-1. Recommended Advance Warning Sign Minimum Spacing, MUTCD, December 2009 Edition 53

Guidance on Typical Distances for 54 Advance Warning Signs Freeways and expressways Typical distances for placement of advance warning signs on should be longer because drivers are conditioned to uninterrupted flow. Advance warning sign placement should extend on these facilities as far as 800 m (0.5 mi) or more. http://www.mlive.com/

55 Guidance on Typical Distances for Advance Warning Signs Rural highways (normally characterized by higher speeds) Effective placement of the first warning sign in meters (feet) should be from 1.5 to 2.25 times the speed limit in km/h (8 to 12 times the speed limit in mph). Since two or more advance warning signs are normally used for these conditions, the advance warning area should extend 450 m (1,500 ft) or more for open highway conditions (see Table 6C-1).

56 Guidance on Typical Distances for On urban streets Advance Warning Signs Effective placement of the first warning sign in meters (feet) should range from 0.75 to 1.5 times the speed limit in km/h (4 to 8 times the speed limit in mph). When a single advance warning sign is used (such as in low-speed residential streets), the advance warning area can be as short as 30 m (100 ft). When two or more advance warning signs are used on higher-speed streets (such as major arterials) see Table 6C-1. http://www.centralsubwaysf.com/

Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones 2. Transition Area 57 Support The section of highway where road users are redirected out of their normal path. Usually involve strategic use of tapers. In mobile operations, the transition area moves with the work space. Standard When redirection of the road users normal path is required, they shall be channelized from the normal path to a new path

Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones 3. Activity Area 58 Support The section of the highway where the work activity takes place. It is comprised of the work space, the traffic space, and the buffer space. Traffic space = portion of the highway in which road users are routed through the activity area. Buffer space = lateral and/or longitudinal area that separates road user flow from the work space or an unsafe area, and might provide some recovery space for an errant vehicle. (For recommended longitudinal lengths, see Table 6C-2)

Table 6C-2. Stopping Sight Distance as a Function of Speed, MUTCD 2003 Edition 59

60 Table 6C-2: Stopping Sight Distance as a Function of Speed, MUTCD December 2009 Edition

Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones 4. Termination Area 61 Standard Shall be used to return road users to their normal path. Shall extend from the downstream end of the work area to the last TTC device, such as END ROAD WORK signs, if posted.

Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones 6C.08 - Tapers 62 Option May be used in both the transition and termination areas. Whenever tapers are to be used in close proximity to an interchange ramp, crossroads, curves, or other influencing factors, the length of the tapers may be adjusted. Support Tapers are created by using a series of channelizing devices and/or pavement markings to move traffic out of or into the normal path.

63 5 metros entre drones (Puerto Rico)

Taper Types Merging Shifting Shoulder Downstream 64

Taper Length Criteria, MUTCD 2003 Edition 65 The maximum distance in meters (feet) between devices in a taper should not exceed 0.2 times the speed limit in km/h (1.0 times the speed limit in mph).

Taper Length Criteria, MUTCD 2009 Edition 66

67 Formulas to Determine Taper Lengths, MUTCD 2003 Edition

68 Formulas to Determine Taper Lengths, MUTCD 2009 Edition

Section 6C.10 One-lane, two-way traffic taper Standard When traffic in both directions must use a single lane for a limited distance, movements from each end shall be coordinated. Minimum L = 50 ft Maximum L = 100 ft 69

70 Components of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zones Device specifications applicable to each area of Temporary Traffic Control Plan Signs Panels Drums Signals Barricades Variable Message Signs (VMS) Automated Flagger Assistance Device (AFAD)

CHAPTER 6F. TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONE DEVICES 71

72 Temporary Traffic Control Zones Devices Definition Standard TCD shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private roads open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction. All traffic control devices used for construction, maintenance, utility, or incident management operations on a street, highway, or private road open to public travel shall comply with the applicable provisions of the MUTCD.

73 Human Factor and Information Processing in Work Zones People drive normally through work zones, even when there are traffic control devices present in the roadway, unless there is evident activity (workers, equipment, etc.) Lack of driver familiarity with temporary traffic control signals Unexpected conditions along work zone http://www.betterroads.com/

74 Function of Traffic Control Devices (TCD) Promote highway safety Provide for the orderly and predictable movement of all traffic Provide guidance and warning as needed Types of TCD Warning signs Channelizing devices Lighting devices http://www.quietzonesd.info/ Shadow vehicles / advanced warning truck

75 General Characteristics of Signs Standards The colors for regulatory signs shall follow the Standards for regulatory signs in Table 2A-5. Warning signs in TTC zones shall have a black legend and border on an orange background except: Grade Crossing Advance Warning (W10-1) sign which shall have a black legend and border on a yellow background. Signs that are required or recommended to have fluorescent yellow-green backgrounds. Colors for guide signs shall follow the Standards in Table 2A-5 and Chapter 2D except: Guide signs as otherwise provided in Section 6F.55

76 General Characteristics of Signs Standards When standard orange flags or flashing warning lights are used in conjunction with signs, they shall not block the sign face. For freeways and expressways, the size of diamond shaped TTC warning signs shall be a minimum of 48 x 48 in.

77 Temporary Traffic Control Zones Devices Regulations Standard All signs used at night shall be either retroreflective with a material that has a smooth, sealed outer surface or illuminated to show the same shape and similar color both day and night. http://www.tapconet.com/ The requirement for sign illumination shall not be considered to be satisfied by street, highway, or strobe lighting.

Temporary Traffic Control Zone Sign and Plaque Sizes 78

79 Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral Location of Signs Typical Installations

80 Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral Location of Signs Typical Installations

81 Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral Location of Signs Typical Installations

82 Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral Location of Signs Typical Installations

83 Sign Placement Standards Signs mounted on barricades and barricade/sign combinations shall be crashworthy Where it has been determined that the accommodation of pedestrians with disabilities is necessary, signs shall be mounted and placed in accordance with Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG).

84 Sign Placement Standards Sign supports shall be crashworthy. Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet. The bottom of a sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1 foot above the traveled way.

window Why is it important that the signs be crashworthy? 85

Example of Windshield Penetration 86

X-stands w/ vinyl roll-ups 87

Sign Placement 88 Neither portable nor permanent sign supports should be located on sidewalks, bicycle facilities, or areas designated for pedestrian or bicycle traffic. Except as noted in the Option, signs mounted on portable supports should not be used for a duration of more than 3 days.

Sign Placement 89 For mobile operations, a sign may be mounted on a work vehicle, a shadow vehicle, or a trailer stationed in advance of the TTC zone or moving along with it.

Portable Changeable Message Signs 90 (PCMS) PCMS are TTC devices installed for temporary use with the flexibility to display a variety of messages. A PCMS should be limited to three lines of eight characters per line.

Portable Changeable Message Signs 91 (PCMS) PCMS shall display only traffic operational, regulatory, warning, and guidance information, and shall not be used for advertising messages. Techniques of message display such as animation, rapid flashing,, or other dynamic elements shall not be used.

92 Arrow Boards Standards Shall be a sign with a matrix of elements capable of either flashing or sequential displays. Shall provide additional warning and directional information to assist in merging and controlling road users through or around a TTC zone. Arrow boards shall meet the minimum size, legibility distance, number of elements, and other specifications shown in Figure 6F-6.

93 Arrow Boards Standards Type A, B, and C arrow boards shall have solid rectangular appearances. A Type D arrow board shall conform to the shape of the arrow. All arrow boards shall be finished in non-reflective black. The arrow board shall be mounted on a vehicle, a trailer, or other suitable support. The arrow board shall have suitable elements capable of the various operating modes. The color presented by the elements shall be yellow. A vehicle displaying an arrow board shall be equipped with highintensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.

Types of Arrow Boards 94 Type A - use on low-speed urban streets. Type B - for intermediate-speed facilities and for maintenance or mobile operations on high-speed roadways. Type C - intended to be used on high-speed, high-volume motor vehicle traffic control projects. Type D - intended for use on authorized vehicles.

95 Advance Warning Arrow Board Display Specifications

Channelizing Devices 96 All channelizing devices shall be crashworthy Slow Down! Cones Tubular Markers Vertical Panels Drums Barricades

Category 1 Devices 97 Shall be predominantly orange. Shall be made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle. For nighttime use - shall be retroreflectorized or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.

Channelizing Devices Drums 98 Drums used for road user warning or channelization shall be constructed of lightweight, deformable materials. Metal drums shall not be used. Drums shall have closed tops that will not allow collection of construction debris or other debris.

Cones - Standards 99

Category 2 Devices 100 Vertical panels, Type I, II, or III barricades, portable sign stands Category 1 devices w/ attachments (< 45 kg (100 lbs) up to 100 kg) Must be crash tested by approved agency

101 Channelizing Devices Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades A barricade is a portable or fixed device having from one to three rails with appropriate markings and is used to control road users by closing, restricting, or delineating all or a portion of the right-of-way. Barricades are classified as Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3. Type 1 or Type 2 Barricades are intended for use in situations where road user flow is maintained through the TTC zone. Type 1 Barricades may be used on conventional roads or urban streets.

102 Channelizing Devices Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades Guidance: Type 2 or Type 3 Barricades should be used on freeways and expressways or other high-speed roadways. Type 3 Barricades should be used to close or partially close a road.

103 Channelizing Devices Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades Type 2 Type 3

WZ Category 3 Devices 104 Temporary barriers Barrier joints must provide tensile & moment capacity New units must meet NCHRP 350 by Oct 2002 Crash cushions & TMA s Can be tested to TL-2 or TL- 3 Must be crash tested by approved agency

105 Uses for Temporary Longitudinal Barriers Prevent Access to Work Zone Provide Positive Protection for Workers Separate Two-Way Traffic Protect Falsework http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/

Lane Closure with a Temporary Traffic Barrier (TA-34) 106

Temporary Traffic Barriers 107

Portable Concrete Barriers (PCB) 108 Positive protection to road workers Avoid penetration in work area Modular design Impact angle: 15-25 Height: 32 Base width: 24 Top width: 6 Length: 84 (7 ) Maximum deflection: 0 5 feet

Portable Concrete Barriers 109

110

111

112

Steel Portable Barriers 113

Plastic Portable Barriers 114 114

Quickchange Moveable Barrier 115 Chain of modified F-shape barrier segments T-shape on top to allow pick up of segments Lateral movement from 4 to 18 ft Maximum deflection of 28 in at TL-3 design impact Transfer speed of 5 to 10 mph

116

Work Zone Crash Cushions 117

Triton CET Concrete End Treatment 118

Category 4 Devices 119 Portable, usually trailer-mounted devices Lighting supports, flashing arrow panels, temporary traffic signals, & changeable message signs Should be delineated or shielded Use good placement practices

120 Sample Crash Cushions for Work Zones

Roadside Design Guide 121 Obtain more information regarding work trucks and other safety features for work zones from AASHTO s Roadside Design Guide, 4 th Edition 2011

Shadow Vehicle Priority Guidelines 122 Based on: Facility Type (freeway or non-freeway) Activity Type (stationary or mobile) Type of Closure (lane closure, shoulder closure)

Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs) 123 Priority of use of protective vehicle: A-very highly recommended B-highly recommended C-recommended D-desirable E-may be justified under special conditions

Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs) 124 Priority of use of TMA on protective vehicle: 1-very highly recommended 2-highly recommended 3-recommended 4-desirable 5-may be justified under special conditions

Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs) 125 Shadow Vehicle Very Highly Recommended TMA Desirable (Use Engineering Judgment)

Guidelines for Spacing of Shadow Vehicles 126 Spacing of shadow vehicles depending of weight of the vehicle: 9,900 lb 22,000 lb >22,000 lb Operating Speed (Traffic) Recommended Spacing for Vehicles Weighing >22,000 lbs (ft) Stationary Moving Greater than 55mph 150 172 45mph to 55mph 100 150 Less than 45mph 74 100 Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide Operating Speed (Traffic) Recommended Spacing for Vehicles Weighing <22,000 lbs and >9,900 lbs (ft) Stationary Moving Greater than 55mph 172 222 45mph to 55mph 123 172 Less than 45mph 100 100 Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide

Recommended Spacing 127 Length: 31 ft Weight without load: 50,000 lb http://www.globalsources.com/

Truck = 31 ft Roll ahead distance = 100 ft Activity Area (length) without truck length=305 ft Work Space = 150 ft Work Truck = 131 ft Activity Area = 436 ft Longitudinal Buffer = 155 ft Transition Area (Taper Length, L) = 105 ft Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft 128

Typical Application 18 Notes 129 Use your Engineering Judgment

Examples of TMAs 130 Several types of TMAs have met the requirements of National Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 or Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) TMA with Energy-Absorbing Cartridge TMA with Telescoping Steel Frame and Cutter Assembly

Examples of TMAs 131 TMA with Steel Frame and Burster or Kinker Assembly TMA with Steel Frame or Polyethylene Cylinder Assembly and Arrowboard http://www.ct.gov/dot Mobile Barrier Trailer

Impacted Truck Mounted Attenuators 132 https://www.traffixdevices.com

NCHRP? MASH? 133 Roadside Design Guide Table 5-3: Provides the minimum test levels required for barrier systems. Similar tables are available for other work zone safety systems with their corresponding required test levels.

Approved Test Levels: Barriers 134

Approved Test Levels: Barriers continued 135

136 What Typical Application is best suited for a lane closure with a temporary traffic barrier?

Lane Closure with Temporary Traffic Barrier (TA-34) 137 137

100 feet Traffic space Work space Long. buffer space 495 feet Activity Area = 3,135 feet 660 feet 181.5 feet 138

Lat. buffer space Long. buffer space 139

QUESTIONS 140

Module 4. Human factors (drivers, pedestrians, workers and flaggers) and their relation to safety in a Temporary Work Zone 141

What is Human Factors? 142 Ergonomics (or Human Factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and other methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. Source: The previous definition was adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in August 2000 (https://www.hfes.org//web/abouthfes/abou t.html)

143 Human Factors HF Disciplines Include: Human Information Processing Systems Design Human Physical Capabilities Design of Experiments Occupational Safety & Risk Assessment Industrial Hygiene Audition & Auditory Systems Design Systems Safety Visual Systems Design Transportation

Human Factors 144 Human Factors Applications in Work Zones: Design of Traffic Control Devices Zone Layout Planification Reaction Time to Traffic Control Devices Drivers and Passengers Safety Workers Occupational Safety Risk Analysis

Human Information Processing 145 Process of identifying or recognizing sensory perceived information (e.g., visual, auditive), processing, and responding to it. Rasmussen Task Performance Levels : Skill-Based Behavior Rule-Based Behavior Knowledge-Based Behavior http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/

Human Information Processing 146 Information Processing Model (Rasmussen, 1983)

Human Information Processing 147 Skilled-Based Behavior Routine tasks familiar to people Associated Errors: slips, lapses Example: Driving a vehicle for years Rule-Based Behavior People are fairly familiar with tasks based on established rules Associated Errors : Rule incorrectly applied Example : Use of information system following instructions

Human Information Processing 148 Knowledge-Based Behavior Solve problem using knowledge; there are no rules Steps: activation, observation, identification, interpretation, evaluation, goal selection, procedure selection, and activation Errors due to: incomplete or incorrect information, or limited resources Example: Use of system without training

Human Information Processing 149 Alternative Model 1: Detection Identification Evaluation Reaction Alternative Model 2: Search Detection Recognition Decision Action

Human Information Processing 150 Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation Age Younger Better vision, less risk perception, faster reflexes, drive faster, more distracted, less experience Older Worst vision, greater risk perception, slower reflexes, drive slower, more experience Experience Education, practice, training http://www.ultimatedefensivedriving.us/

Human Information Processing 151 Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation Familiarity Familiarity with road and vehicle Trend to drive faster when there is familiarity Memory Remember transit signs Regulatory signs are easier to remember http://galleryhip.com/

Human Information Processing 152 Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation Vision Ability to judge moving objects speed Ability to distinguish colors Distance judgment (depth perception) Capacity to focus and recover from glare effects Ability to detect objects in the periphery Climate, Weather Rain slippery roads Fog Day/Night http://blog.ibs-b.hu/

153 View from the Street

154 Blind Area Mapping www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/highwayworkzones

Human Information Processing 155 Elements that affect perception and reaction time in transportation Alcohol, drugs, medication Particular effects for every person and situation Decrease reaction time Increase risk exposure Interfere with judgment Slower decision making Peripheral vision Fatigue, cellular phones http://blog.lawmed.com/

Information Processing in Work Zones 156 People drive normally through work zones until they see some kind of activity: workers, construction equipment, etc.; even having traffic control devices Wrong perception of traffic control devices Ignorance of devices meaning http://catcountry1073.com/

Work Zones 157 Work zones include: Construction Maintenance Utilities Highway work zones present high risks for workers Vehicles traffic Vehicles and work equipment http://patch.com/

QUESTIONS 158