STUDY ON EFFECT OF WINDOW GRILLES FOR SAFETY PURPOSES ON HEAT TRANSFER IN A BUILDING Amirul Ariffin Bin Kassim Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010
STUDY ON EFFECT OF WINDOW GRILLES FOR SAFETY PURPOSES ON ENERGY USAGE AMIRUL ARIFFIN BIN KASSIM This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) Faculty of Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2010
To my beloved family and friends
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise to Allah, the most Gracious and Merciful for allowing me to complete this project after facing many trouble throughout the year. I wish to express my greatest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr Azhaili Baharun for his guidance, advices, comments and suggestions throughout this whole process in completing this thesis. I owe a big thanks to the staff of Civil Engineering technicians, Mr. Mohd Rozaini for his dedication and kindness for helping me in setting up field measurement s apparatus and completing the window grilles. I also would like to express my appreciation to Bunga Raya College Staff for giving me chances to use rooms in their college for the collection of field measurements data. Besides that, big thanks to my colleague especially Mr. Hanafiyah Othman and Mr. Frezzal Faisal in helping me with the simulation results. Besides that, I would like to acknowledge with gratitude to my family especially my beloved mother and father for their endless love, encouragement and support throughout my entire life. Finally, for the loved one, thanks you for your patience and love. Thank you so much. ii
TABLE OF CONTENT Contents Page APPROVAL LETTER APPROVAL SHEET TITLE PAGE DEDICATION SHEET ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURE LIST OF TABLE ii iii v viii ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Malaysia Climate 6 1.3 Sarawak Energy Consumption 8 1.4 Energy Sources in Sarawak 8 1.5 Window Grilles 9 1.6 Aim and Objectives 10 1.7 Final Year Project Structure 10 v
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Human Comfort 13 2.3 Energy Efficient Building 17 2.4 Building as the 2 nd Largest Energy Consumer 22 2.5 Steel Materials Properties 24 2.6 Building Simulation Programme 28 2.7 Technologies Available in using Efficient Energy in 29 Malaysia 2.8 Code of Practice and Standard 29 2.9 Summary 30 Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Building Energy Simulation Using EnergyPlus Software 33 3.3 Description of the Selected Building 35 3.4 Methodology 44 3.5 Summary 49 Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 50 4.2 Data Analysis 51 4.3 Simulation Results 59 vi
4.4 Conclusion 63 Chapter 5 Recommendation and Conclusion 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Window Grilles Property 68 5.3 Window Grilles Design 69 5.4 Recommendation for Future Work 70 REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX 1 : Field Data Results 77 APPENDIX 2 : Input Material for Simulation Program 88 vii
LIST OF FIGURE Figure Page Figure 1.1 Global Warming Statistic 2 Figure 2.1 Energy Consumption in Different Buildings 23 Figure 3.1 The building where the rooms for the experimental works 37 Figure 3.2 Layout plan of the apartment 39 Figure 3.3 The experimental room s floor plan and location of thermocouples 39 Figure 3.4 Bunga Raya College room A 40 Figure 3.5 Bunga Raya College room B 41 Figure 3.6 The locations of the thermocouples 42 Figure 3.7 Window Grilles 43 Figure 3.8 Data Logger recording the temperature of the rooms 47 Figure 3.9 The first end of the thermocouples 47 Figure 3.10 Each thermocouples placing 48 Figure 4.1 Temperature in Room A and B on 26 February 2010 52 Figure 4.2 Temperature in Room A and B on 27 February 2010 52 Figure 4.3 Temperature in Room A and B on 28 February 2010 53 Figure 4.4 Temperature in Room A and B on 1 March 2010 53 Figure 4.5 Temperature in Room A and B on 2 March 2010 54 Figure 4.6 Temperature in Room A and B on 3 March 2010 54 Figure 4.7 Temperature in Room A and B on 4 March 2010 55 viii
Figure 4.8 Temperature in Room A and B on 5 March 2010 55 Figure 4.9 Temperature in Room A and B on 6 March 2010 56 Figure 4.10 Average temperature in Room A and B for nine days 56 Figure 4.11 Average temperature difference at window area with and without window grilles 57 Figure 4.12 Comparison between actual and simulation data 60 Figure 4.13 Comparison of room temperature with different type of steel 62 Figure 5.1 Samples of window grilles design 71 ix
LIST OF TABLE Table Page Table 1.1 Wind speed and pattern in Malaysia 7 Table 2.1 Maximum U-value for roof (W/m 2 K) 20 Table 3.1 Characteristic of the building 38 Table 4.1 Properties of different types of metals 64 x
ABSTRACT Energy Efficiency is important to ensure our country s natural resources are adequate for future generation. According to Malaysia Energy Centre (2009), commercial building is the second largest consumer of energy consumption. Nowadays, occupants tend to install window grilles as one of the safety features for their house. Safety window grilles can prevent or slowed down the burglars from entering house premises. The objective of this project is to study the effect of safety window grilles on the heat transfer into a building indirectly affect the energy usage for human comfort. The experiments on the effect of safety window grilles on the heat transfer in a building were conducted in rooms of Bunga Raya College located in UNIMAS. Results will consist of comparison between room with or without safety window grilles and validated by a dynamic thermal model software. Further results will commence through simulation to rectify or justify the effect of window grilles on heat transfer in a building through windows. The results of the study would contribute the knowledge of the significance effect of the usage of window grilles on heat transfer in a building to provide a cleaner and safety environment. iii
ABSTRAK Kecekapan Tenaga adalah penting untuk memastikan sumber asli negara kita mencukupi untuk generasi masa depan. Menurut Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (2009), bangunan komersial ialah pengguna kedua terbesar dalam penggunaan tenaga. Kebelakangan ini, penghuni rumah cenderung untuk memasang kekisi tingkap sebagai salah satu ciri keselamatan untuk rumah mereka. Kekisi tingkap keselamatan boleh mencegah atau melambatkan pencuri dari memasuki bangunan rumah. Objektif projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji kesan kekisi tingkap keselamatan pada peralihan haba ke ssebuah bangunan secara tidak langsung memberi kesan kepada penggunaan tenaga untuk keselesaan manusia. Eksperimen untuk kesan kekisi tingkap keselamatan pada peralihan haba ke dalam sebuah bangunan telah dijalankan di dalam bilik-bilik di kolej Bunga Raya yang terletak di UNIMAS. Keputusan eksperimen akan meliputi perbandingan antara bilik dengan kekisi tingkap atau tanpa kekisi tingkap keselamatan dan disahkan oleh satu perisian model terma dinamik. Keputusan selanjutnya akan bermula melalui simulasi untuk memperbaiki atau menjustifikasikan pengaruh kekisi tingkap pada peralihan haba di dalam sesebuah bangunan melalui tingkap. Keputusan kajian akan menyumbang kepada pengetahuan tentang pengaruh penggunaan kekisi tingkap pada peralihan haba di dalam bangunan untuk menyediakan persekitaran yang bersih dan selamat. iv
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Human activities have led to large increases in heat-trapping gases over the past century. Due to the increased of global average temperature and sea level, the pattern of the precipitation has changed. Whether by 2-3 degrees F or more than 11 degrees depends on a number of factors, including the amount of heat-trapping gas emissions humans continue to allow and how sensitive the climate is to those emissions. Lower emissions of heat-trapping gases will delay the appearance of climate change impacts and lessen their magnitude. Unless the 1
rate of emissions is substantially reduced, impacts are expected to become increasingly severe for more people and places. The World View of Global Warming project is documenting this change through science photography from the Arctic to Antarctica, from glaciers to the oceans, across all climate zones. Rapid climate change and its effects is fast becoming one of the prime events of the 21st century. It is real and it is accelerating across the globe. As the effects of this change combine with overpopulation and weather crises, climate disruptions will affect more people than does war (Gary Braasch, 2009). Figure 1.1: Global Warming Statistic (Sources: www.theglobalwarmingstatistics.org/the-global-warming-statistics, 2009) 2
From the Kyoto Conference (1997), each country will have an individual reduction target to reach the world-wide reduction of 5.2 percent, however there are a few nations that will be allowed to increase their emissions. Under the draft proposal, the U.S. will reduce its emissions by seven percent below 1990 levels, the European Union's emissions will reduce its emissions by eight percent and Japan's will reduce its emissions by six percent. Australia, on the other hand, is allowed to increase its emissions by five percent. Accordingly, from the conference, the U.S. had proposed stabilizing emissions level based on year 1990 by 2012. The European Union had called for all developed nations to reduce their emissions by 15 percent by 2010, while Japan had called for a five percent reduction. The deal appears to be a compromise between those positions (Bloch.M, 2009). In June 2005, the European Union has made significant progress in fulfilling its commitments. In particular, this progress was due to the implementation of the European Climate Change Programme, as well as measures specific to certain sectors (transport, industry, energy, etc.) and additional domestic measures. The Kyoto target of reducing emissions by 8% can be met if Member States implement additional domestic measures and use flexible mechanisms (Kyoto Protocol, 2007). 3
Energy demand in Malaysia is expected to increase at an average rate of 6.3 per cent per annum during the Ninth Malaysia Plan while the economic growth is forecasted to grow at a rate of 6.0 per cent per annum. The world is now facing an economic recession. Thus, Malaysia s economic growth will also be affected. In spite of this, it is anticipated that the demand for energy will continue to grow. Malaysia is indeed very lucky because it is still considered as a net energy exporter but need to be mindful that the energy reserves are depleting rapidly. Thus, there is an urgent need to use energy judiciously because if the energy reserves are exploited, one day, Malaysia has to depend on the imported energy. Having the economy of the country subjected to the unpredictable and volatility of world energy prices is not a wise practice and unsustainable. Malaysia is one of the fast developing countries in South East Asia region. Experiencing rapid economic growth every year, it gives major impact in construction industry due to high demand in constructing commercial building. From the entire demand, building consumes a significant portion of the national energy resources. Malaysia has started its path towards fostering a higher degree of green development with the introduction of Renewable Energy as the fifth fuel in our National Energy Policy way back in 2000. The Small Renewable Energy Power Programme (SREP) is an active Government initiative which was started in 2001 to promote the use of renewable sources as a fuel to generate electricity. This programme was a major effort 4
by the government to enhance the utilization of indigenous renewable energy to contribute and complement the national electricity supply. In this endeavour, five renewable energy sources have been identified as suitable for renewable energy development; i.e. biomass, biogas, solar, mini-hydro and solid waste. The government is continuously making efforts to spearhead this programme and also looking at strategies and incentives that would be able to make positive impacts to renewable energy development. Malaysia has made headway into this area when the Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia and the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia recently launched the Malaysian Green Building Index. This rating system which was initiated by the industry will provide the standards that could be adopted by the building industry for the design construction of green buildings. The construction of such sustainable buildings should be promoted in Malaysia as they provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment and other green elements. Saving energy usage in building requires cooperation. All parties including architects, engineers, interior designers and researchers play important roles to mold ideas into the creation of energy efficient building. Often, aesthetical value and cost barrier are the main reasons it is not being implemented in Malaysia (Safri.N, 2009). 5
1.2 Malaysia Climate Malaysia experienced tropical climate throughout the year. However, the monsoon varies on the coastline of Peninsular Malaysia. The climate is by and large moderately hot and extremely sultry. Throughout the year, the temperature ranges from 20 C to 30 C on an average (Climate of Malaysia, 2009). 1.2.1 Wind Flow in Malaysia In Malaysia, there are four seasons that can be distinguished which are the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon, and two shorter intermonsoon seasons (Malaysia Climate, 2009). Early June to ends of September, Malaysia experienced southwest monsoon season while on early November to March, Malaysia will experienced northwest monsoon season. The intermonsoon season is experienced from April to November. Table 1.1 shows the wind speed and pattern in Malaysia. 6
Table 1.1: Wind speed and pattern in Malaysia Seasons Period Criteria Southwest Monsoon Northeast Monsoon Later half of May or early June and ends in September Early November and end ends in March Southwesterly and light, below 15 knots. Northeasterly winds of 10 to 20 knots and can reach 30 knots Intermonsoon April to November 20 knots or more 1.2.2 Solar Radiation Malaysia has abundant sunshine and solar radiation. On average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of solar radiation per day but it occurs differently in each states. For example, Alor Setar and Kota Bharu receive about 7 hours per day of sunshine while Kuching receives only 5 hours on average. Kuching receives only an average of 3.7 hours per day in the month of January. On the other end of the scale, Alor Setar receives a maximum of 8.7 hours per day on average in the same month. Solar radiation is closely related to the sunshine duration. Its seasonal and spatial variations are thus very much the same as in the case of sunshine (Malaysia Climate, 2009). 7
1.3 Sarawak Energy Consumption Sarawak is presently generating about 700MW of electricity with a capacity for expansion of up to 1,000MW. This present supply is already sufficient for the state. According to the 9th Malaysian Plan, in 2005, the energy reserve margin of Sarawak was 28.7% and with the anticipated power generation increase of 400 MW by the year 2010, the reserve margin by then will still be around 23.5%. Thus, in truth, Sarawak does not need the three dams at all (Bateni.N, 2004) 1.4 Energy Sources in Sarawak In Sarawak, the energy is generated mostly by coal, gas, hydropower and fuel. Resources of coal in Sarawak are supplied from the south area while north of Sarawak coast offshore water has located numerous location of natural gas. Gas from Sarawak s offshore water has been exported to Japan for the first time in 1983. Since that, Malaysia has become major gas producer. 8
1.5 Window Grilles There are many ways that has been implemented to protect the house or building such as locking the doors, setting alarms and putting up fences. But the front door was not the primary way to enter the house and fences are easy to hop over. Windows, the fragile, glass, transparent-provide entry in so many ways. It is easy to break through the window and also can allow the burglars to view the inside of the building before they enter. This is why it is important to have window grilles to protect the window from being break in. In achieving the low heat transfer in a building without sacrificing human comfort, the study will focus more on the effect of safety window grilles in temperature of a room. Not much information can be found regarding this project. It is classified as a primary stage of study on the effect of window grilles for safety purposes on energy usage. The window grilles are suspected to have some effect for human comfort because of its property which able to transmit heat. 9
1.6 Aim and Objectives of study This project is focused on the effect of safety window grilles on the energy usage in a building. The specific objectives are therefore: To validate the data by comparing experiment measured data with simulated data To identify types of grilles commonly used for safety purposes To quantify the effect of the grilles on the heat transfer into the room 1.7 Final year project structure Final year project will be submitted into two stages. Stage one includes Chapter one; Introduction, Chapter two; Literature Review and Chapter three; Methodology. While, stage two includes Chapter four; Results and Discussion and Chapter five; Recommendation and Conclusion. Chapter one includes the introduction of the title which is the effect of window grilles for safety purposes on energy usage. It also includes the objective, energy sources and the importance of energy. 10
Chapter two consists of Literature Review which discusses about the global warming, the criteria of energy depletion, discussion about the building as the 2 nd largest energy user, the human comfort criteria and technologies available in energy efficiency. Chapter three consists of methodology which focuses more on method used to conduct the project. This chapter explains about the material and sizes of the grilles will be used, the computer based simulation using EnergyPlus software and comparison between the actual data and the computer based simulation data. Chapter four presents the field measurements results for the temperature in room with and without window grilles and evaluation results using building energy programme, EnergyPlus. Chapter five summarizes the research results and provides the recommendation for possible future work. 11
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The literature review presents the related past study or research about the same field which is in the effect of window grilles for safety purposes on energy usage. This literature review consists of Human Comfort Energy Efficient Building a. Window shading devices b. Roof tiles c. Walls 12