Hydrogen Delivery Options and Fueling Station Requirements Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. B. B. Bonner National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Commercial Hydrogen Measurement Standards Workshop 25 September 2008
Air Products at a Glance US$10B in sales Diverse markets and geographies Over 50% of our revenues are outside U.S. FY07 Consolidated Sales By Reporting Segment Equipment and Energy (6%) Tonnage Gases (26%) Electronics and Performance Materials (21%) Healthcare (6%) Chemicals (9%) Merchant Gases (32%) 2
Leadership in Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure t Worlds largest producer of merchant hydrogen Our capacity ~1.75 million TPY Could support 7-8 million vehicles Active since 1993 Built over 85 hydrogen station projects Exceeded 65,000 fuelings in 12 countries Strong and broad IP position. 3
Emerging Hydrogen Economy Infrastructure Requirements H 2 Production Onsite Reformers Electrolyzers Gas Separation & Purification Devices Central H 2 Production Light weight Vessels Metal Hydrides Chemical Hydrides Carbon Storage Distribution Safety Compression Dispensing Delivery e Systems s 4
Properties H2 is a Fuel Flammable Range 4-74% by vol. in air Detonable Range 18.3 59% by vol. in air Wide flammability range Low ignition energy Tendency to ignite before large energy accumulation Very hot, invisible flame (pale blue at night) Importance of ventilation Siting requirements away from ignition iti sources and compounding hazards 5
Properties Comparison H2 NG Gasoline 1- Color none none yes 2- Toxicity no no yes 3- Odor odorless mercaptans yes 4- Specific Gravity 0.07 0.424 liquid 5- Environment - Leak none none CnHm Impact - Fuel none CO2 / NOx CO2 / NOx 6- Diffusion Coefficient (cm3/s) 0.61 0.15 liquid 7- Flame Temperature ( C ) 2318 2148 2200 8- Flammablility Range (% in air) 4% - 75% 5.3% - 15% 1.4% - 7.6% 9- Ignition energy (milli Joules) 0.02 0.29 0.2 10- Auto Ignition Temp. ( C ) 520 < 500* 440 11- Heat Value (kj/kg) 119,972 50,020 42,847 12- Energy Density (MJ/Nm3) 10.783 35.882 104.44 6
Ignition Energy of H 2, CH 4 and Gasoline with Air Ignition Energy (m mj) 10 5 2 1 0.5 Flammability Limits it 100 50 20 10 Automotive Spark Plug Human Spark Brush Discharge 0.2 Common Static 01 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.02 CH 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 H 2 Gasoline Fuel (% Volume) Flammability Limits of H 2 Are Seven Times Wider Than CH 4 7
Overall Approach to Safety - Elements Inherently safe system design Managing risks Quantification of risks / risk analysis Protective systems Safe operation of systems Written procedures Training and periodic retraining Accident / near miss Investigation Audits of training records Periodic performance & leak checks of equipment Personnel Protective ti Equipment - PPE 8
Hydrogen Sourcing Hydrogen Distribution Fuel Station Central Production Distributed Production Natural Gas, Propane, Methanol, Feedstocks 9
Importance of Codes & Standards Improves Safety Paramount importance to all Provides Education to AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction), such as CGA or NFPA pamphlets Provides Consistency Assists with Permitting, as helps AHJ s make decisions Levels playing field for all participants Key to long-term liability issue. 10
Delivered Hydrogen Liquid Tank Trailer Gas Pipeline Mobile Fueler Gas Tube Trailer 11
Pipeline Standards and Regulations CFR 49 Part 192 and as amended by delegated state agency. Air Products standards employ minimum design to Class 3 location except for very remote unpopulated areas and typically exceed the requirements of Part 192. Environmental Impact Studies designate additional design considerations. Local jurisdictions (City, Township, Parish, County, etc.) have imposed additional requirements beyond basic regulatory requirements. 12
Pipeline Safety Hydrogen Industry Has 500 Miles in U.S. Conventional low-carbon steel pipelines. Small variation in pipeline pressure pipe (low cyclic stress). Existing natural gas pipelines have been successfully converted to hydrogen. No Fires at Hydrogen Pipelines in 35 Years at Air Products 13
Excess Flow Valve (EFV) 14
Hydrogen Pipeline Positions Sarnia Canada 40 Baton Rouge Plaquemine Geismar Geismar Cosmar Convent Louisiana 10 16 Taft Lake Pontchartrain New Orleans Nola Chalmette Imperial Oil 14 14 Petro-Canada Sherwood Park Edmonton, Canada 21 16 630 Suncor Shell Refinery ST. CLAIR RIVER 40 Corunna 40 Air Products Canada Rotterdam Europoort 405 190 th St. Dominguez Channel 91 710 Southern California Botlek Pernis Zwijndrecht Sepulveda Blvd 1 VAN NESS AVE. Conoco Phillips Wilmington 110 BP Carson Conoco Phillips Carson 110 Anaheim Street Carson H 2 Shell Wilmington Valero Wilmington Wilmington i H 2 Long Beach Arpt. 405 Texas Mont Belvieu City of Houston Battleground 610 225 10 Baytown 2 Beaumont 10 69 73 Lake Charles Port Arthur To Moerdijk APD HyCO facilities H 2 pipeline CO pipeline Syngas pipeline Pasadena Bayport 45 LaPorte 15 December 2007 Clear Lake Texas City
Liquid Hydrogen Distribution Truck in liquid hydrogen delivered at about 423 F and 100 psig. SS inner vessel CS outer jacket Insulation space No product release in shipping excellent safety record 16
Liquid Hydrogen Trailer Safety Trailers With Armored Type Construction Inner Tank With Outer Thick Steel Jacket 70 Million Gallons of Liquid id H2 / Year 8 Million Miles / Year 160 Million Miles Since Inception Without Loss of Liquid Hydrogen onto the Road 1996 NASA Safety Award Winner 200 Million Pounds of Liquid H 2 Over 25 Year Period Without a Significant Incident Vehicle Accidents Do Occur 17
Hydrogen Distribution Standard Tube-Trailer Delivered at ~ 2600 psig 300 kg capacity Truck in gaseous hydrogen Mobile Fueler Totally y self-contained 350 Bar fueling DOT approved 18
Onsite Liquid Storage Stored at 423 F <150 psig. many sites SS inner vessel CS outer jacket Insulation space Proven technology 19
Underground Storage Tanks Direct buried Inaccessible secondary containment Double walled design Nationally recognized codes 2 ft below surface Safety features Relief & vent systems Remote operated shut off valves Corrosion control 20
Distributed H 2 Fueling Stations Electrolyses Steam Methane Reforming 21
Hydrogen Fueling Station Compression and storage modularized Hydrogen dispenser typically separate Designed for any type of H 2 supply mode Designed to service small to large fleets of autos and buses Wide range of flows Electric Drive Compressor 22
Hydrogen Fuel Dispensing Stations 23
H 2 lmpurities Sampled from All Stations All Suppliers All Supply Modes H 2 Impurities Particulates Data Range SAE J2719 Measured Less Than or Equal To (Detection Limited) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 g/l (N2 + He + Ar) NH3 CO CO2 O2 Total HC H20 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 mol/mol (ppm) Total S* Created: Feb-28-07 12:06 PM 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 nmol/mol (ppb) *Calculated from SO2, COS, H2S, CS2, and Methyl Mercaptan (CH3SH). 24
Alternate Applications build H 2 infrastructure Off-road vehicles H 2 Buses HCNG Buses Submarines Cell-Towers 25
H 2 Fueling Safety - Codes, Standards, and Training Adhere to Industrial Codes ASME BPVC, ASME B31.3, NEC (NFPA 70) Adhere to Hydrogen Codes NFPA 55, CGA Guidelines es Apply CNG Fueling Codes Where Applicable Active Role in Codes and Standards d Development SAEJ2600 & J2601, NFPA 50, NFPA 52 Provides Comprehensive Safety Training Dispenser, Hydrogen, KnowH 2 ow. 26
100 Years of Gasoline Fueling Public Dispensing 180,000000 Safety Maintained Hydrogen Fueling in Infancy Dispensing ~ 100 today; 10,000 in? years Goal 50 year experience as a chemical 27
Summary The Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure Has Evolved to Meet the Specific Needs of a Hydrogen Economy. Safety Risks Must Be Managed Important t Role of Good Engineering i Design and Work Processes Important Role of Codes and Standards Industry Stakeholders and The Public Must Gain Confidence That Hydrogen Supply, Delivery, Fueling, and Driving Are As Safe (or Safer) As Conventional Fuels Achieve Thru Demonstrations Improved Design to Make Differences Between Fuels Transparent Today s petroleum fuel infrastructure was not built in a day.and doesn t need to be replaced in a day! We are embarking on running a marathon and not a sprint. 28
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