Groundwater Monitoring Under a UIC Class VI Permit for a Carbon Storage Project

Groundwater Monitoring Under a UIC Class VI Permit for a Carbon Storage Project Groundwater Protection Council Annual Forum, Orlando, FL Sai Gollakota (NETL/DOE) Scott McDonald (ADM) September 11-14, 2016

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Illinois Industrial Carbon Capture and Storage Project DOE-FE ICCS Program Project cost of $208 million (DOE $141.4M) ADM, Decatur, Illinois (Saline storage) [Illinois ICCS project] Two DOE-Sponsored CCS Projects in Decatur, Illinois Illinois ICCS Project (Lead - ADM) Initiating operation in 2017 (one million tonnes per year capacity) Illinois Basin Decatur Project (Lead - ISGS) completed operation in November 2014 (sequestered one million tonnes of CO 2 over three years) Scale up factor of 3 to represent the operating capacity necessary for commercial power generating facilities. 3

Key Results of the IBDP Favorable porosity, permeability, and capacity properties of Mt. Simon Sandstone. Deep saline formation and three overlying caprock seals; hence, no adverse impacts were detected to date. Accepted CO 2 more easily than initially expected. Because of reservoir permeability stratification, with approximately one million tonnes injected, CO 2 remained in the lowermost Mt. Simon Sandstone. 4

Illinois ICCS Simplified Flow Diagram Wet CO 2 from Corn-to- Ethanol Fermentor Centrifugal Blower CO 2 CO 2 Inlet Separator Reciprocating Compressors Centrifugal Booster Pump Supercritical CO 2 Pipeline Primary Source of Drinking Water (140 ft) New Albany Shale Maquoketa Shale Water Tri-ethylene Glycol Dehydration Unit St. Peter Sandstone Eau Claire Shale CO 2 Sequestration 6630-6825 ft Mt. Simon Sandstone Saline Reservoir Pre-Cambrian Granite (7160 ft) 5

USEPA UIC Class VI Permit USEPA s Underground Injection Control permit to construct and to operate a Class VI injection well for the purpose of geologic sequestration of CO 2 Class VI permit has specific requirements for safe injection and storage of CO 2 Area of Review Maximum extent of the separate-phase plume or pressure-front (MESPOP) Class VI Permit Project Plan 6

Illinois ICCS Project Site Monitoring To demonstrate: Underground Sources of Drinking Water are protected CO 2 is safely and permanently stored CCS is safe, effective, and acceptable for GHG control Monitoring activities include: Shallow Groundwater Monitoring Network Deep Fluid Monitoring Well Logging Mechanical Integrity Testing (MIT) Pressure/Temperature Monitoring CO 2 Stream Analysis Time-Lapse Vertical Seismic Profile Survey 7

CCS Facilities in Decatur, Illinois Faries Parkway Substation IBDP Blower Building IBDP Compressor Building IBDP ICCS Injection Compressor Building Well & Motor Control Center ICCS GIS Building ICCS Blower Building ICCS Blower Motor Control Center East Substation (Hans) North Substation IBDP Geophysical Well 1 Mile Pipeline IBDP Monitoring Well IBDP (Injection completed) ICCS Substations ICCS Injection Well ICCS Geophysical Well National Sequestration Education Center ICCS Monitoring Well E N 8

ICCS Project: Injection Well Well completed September 2015 Injection well capacity = 3,000 metric tons/day of CO 2 5.5 in chrome tubing injection well 95 sidewall cores over a 2000 feet depth from the Eau Claire to the granite. Perforation zone: 6630-6825 ft Avg. porosity 22% (up to 30%) Avg. permeability 80 md (up to 400 md) 9

ICCS Project: Injection Well (cont.) Eau Claire 5050-5550 ft Mt Simon Sandstone thickness 1610 ft Precambrian granite basement below 7160 ft Drilled to total depth 7192 ft CO 2 mass flow will be measured at wellhead Fiber-optic Distributed Temperature Sensor that is capable of monitoring the injection well s annular temperature along the length of the tubing string. Downhole gauge located at 6267 ft Schlumberger packer set at 6311 ft (Depths Kelly Bushing 15.5 ft) 10

ICCS Project: Verification Well 7140 ft depth Perforated at the following depths: Ironton Galesville formation 5000-5010 ft (zone 5); Mount Simon formation: 5805-5810 ft (zone 4), 6492-6500 ft (zone 3), 6705-6710 (zone 2), and 7002-7007 ft (zone 1). The pressure and temperature gauges were installed at depths of 5027 ft, 5848 ft, 6524 ft, 6681 ft, 7041 ft (Depths Kelly Bushing 17 ft) 11

ICCS Project: Verification Well (cont.) Installed Schlumberger s IntelliZone (IZ) Compact* modular multizonal management system P/T gauges were positioned on the tubing, leaving the interior open for RST* logs and other surveys. Allows for periodic saturation logging using RST* reservoir saturation tool. Fiber-optic Distributed Temperature Sensor (DTS) IZ system operates in conjunction with Schlumberger s WellWatcher *mark of Schlumberger 12

ICCS Project: Geophysical Well St. Peter Sandstone: 3270-3480 ft Total depth: 3550 ft 100 ft from ICCS CCS#2 well Perforation at 3445-3455 ft (10 ft) P/T gauge at the bottom of Sercel unit (3400 ft) Sercel installation: Slim-wave retrievable geophones: WAVELAB surface control and acquisition panel: SlimWave Acquisition unit (Depths Kelly Bushing 17 ft) 13

Class VI Testing & Monitoring Plan To monitor (i) groundwater, (ii) well operations, (iii) CO 2 plume and pressure front. Monitor groundwater quality and geochemical changes above the confining zone (shallow, St. Peter, and Ironton-Galesville) Also monitor the injection zone (Mt. Simon Sandstone). Direct groundwater monitoring Fluid sampling and analysis* Pressure/Temperature monitoring Distributed Temperature Sensor Indirect groundwater monitoring Reservoir Saturation Tool (RST**) for CO 2 saturation Time-lapse VSP for plume tracking *Kuster Flow-Through Sampler St Peter & below; **mark of Schlumberger 14

Zones/Parameters Monitored Lower Glasford (100-140 ft) St. Peter Sandstone (3,450 ft) (lowermost USDW) Ironton-Galesville Formation (5,000 ft) Mt. Simon Sandstone (5,800-6,700 ft) Cations Anions Dissolved CO 2 Total Dissolved Solids Water Density (field) Alkalinity ph (field) Specific Conductance (field) Temperature (field) *Carbon 13 isotopes for St. Peter, Ironton-Galesville, and Mt. Simon 15

Groundwater Monitoring: Baseline Conditions (Sample analyses by ISGS) Parameter Units Lower Glasford Formation 100-140 ft St. Peter Sandstone 3,450 ft (GM) Ironton- Galesville Form. (VW) 5,000 ft Mt. Simon Sandstone 6,710 ft (VW) TDS mg/l 340-700 5,100 83,000 190,000 Chloride mg/l <100 2,500 50,000 120,000 SpC ms/cm 0.7-1.0 4.07 144.4 184.6 Dissolved CO 2 mg/l 320-570 270 71 58 Alkalinity mg/l 380-550 300 100 85 ph 6.75-7.5 7.46 6.24 5.96 16

Project Status Completed design and construction of the CO 2 compression, dehydration, and transmission facilities. A new 100 MW electrical substation and associated transmission lines were constructed and made operational. A 7192-ft Class VI injection well, a 7240-ft monitoring (verification) well, and a 3550-ft geophysical well were drilled and completed. As of September 2016, this project has completed over 99% of its construction; commissioning is in progress. Collected baseline site monitoring data. EPA permit review for injection authorization is in progress. Anticipate to begin CO 2 injection operations in 2017. 17

Acknowledgement U.S. Department of Energy Award No. DE-FE-0001547. Project team members include: Dr. Sallie Greenberg and Randall Locke (ISGS) John Medler (Schlumberger Carbon Services) Dr. Douglas Brauer and Dr. David Larrick (RCC) Steve Ryan (ADM) (Disclaimer: Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.) 18

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