The Building Envelope Solution Mike Lowery A&D Products, LLC Provider # K031 Course # CCM121
The industries ONLY single-source material performance and tie-in warranty for all 6 sides of your building! www.carlislenvelop.com
Carlisle SynTec is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA & non-aia members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. Carlisle Construction Materials 2014
Learning Objectives 1. Why is building envelope important 2. Selecting performance based products 3. Best-practices for design and installation 4. Proper tie-in detailing at critical junctions.
Defining the Building Envelope The physical separator between the inside conditioned space and the outside unconditioned space. Rain Control Layer Air Control Layer Vapor Control Layer Thermal Control Layer
Building Envelope? Thick Walls = Thermal Mass Walls get wet and would dry naturally
Building Envelope? Lighter, faster and less expensive HVAC systems emerged Thinner walls needed insulation Insulation lead to moisture related issues
Why? The commercial real estate industry spends approximately $200 billion annually on energy. U.S. ENERGY USE BY SECTOR Energy represents the single largest controllable operating expense for office buildings Proper building envelope is a paramount requirement for an Energy Efficient Building Source: U.S. Department of Energy
Energy Loss due to Air Exfiltration
Humid Air Leakage at Roof to Wall Junction
Other Benefits Occupant Health & Comfort Building Longevity Code Compliance Rot & Corrosion Extensive Repairs Mold
Basic Building Physics 1. Hot moves to Cold 2. Wet moves to Dry When warm/humid air touches cold surfaces below the dew point it will shed the moisture (condensation)
Air Leakage vs. Vapor Diffusion Air leakage contributes about 9 times more moisture into a building assembly than does vapor diffusion Source: Builders Guide to Hot Humid Climates by Joseph Lstiburek
Challenging Building Envelope Areas
Building Envelope Systems There are 3 main systems that make up the Building Envelope Roof Below Grade Walls
Below Grade Below Grade Components: 1. Drainage Board with Filter Fabric 2. Insulation 3. Waterproof Membrane
Drainage Boards For Vertical and Horizontal Foundation Drainage Helps relieve hydrostatic pressure Manmade material allows for multiple flow paths
ASHRAE Climate Zone Map ASHRAE 90.1 ASHRAE 189.1 IGCC IECC All of Alaska is in Zone 7 except the following boroughs in Zone 8: Bethel, Dellingham, Fairbanks N.Star, Nome, North Slope, Northwest Arctic, Southeast Fairbanks, Wade Hampton, Yukon- Koyukuk All of Hawaii is in Zone 1.
Non-Residential, Foundations Minimum Insulation R-Value ci = Continuous Insulation
Sheet-Applied Below Grade Waterproofing 60-mil membrane with rubberized asphalt adhesive coated HDPE film. Factory-controlled composition with simple peel & stick application Can be used in blind-side applications Factory controlled thickness
Liquid Applied Waterproofing Redundant system Monolithic Specialized equipment needed
Blindside Waterproofing Bentonite Clay Installed before concrete is poured Sodium Bentonite sandwiched between fabrics Expands and seals cracks in concrete Difficult to fabric penetrations Is not air tight
Self-Adhering Blindside Waterproofing Combines TPO membrane with butyl alloy adhesive Features Continuous Air & Vapor Barrier Simple Detailing Self Seals Around Fasteners Effective Radon Barrier
Wall Wall Assembly Components: 1. Air & Vapor Barrier 2. Insulation
Air/Vapor Barriers Air Barrier: Controls air leakage into and out of the building envelope. Vapor Barrier: Eliminates or retards the diffusion of vapor into and out of the building envelope
Vapor Barrier Proper placement is critical Must remain above dew point No more than ONE vapor barrier in wall assemblies Not required in ASHRAE zones 1-3
Air Barriers are Now Required in Building Code 2010 ASHRAE 90.1 2012 IECC Maximum Air Permeability Material 0.004 cfm/ft 2 Assembly 0.04 cfm/ft 2 Building 0.4 cfm/ft 2
Factory controlled thickness (40 mils) Air/Vapor Barriers Self-Adhering Sheet Provides coverage over dissimilar materials Self seals around mechanical fasteners No need for special spray rigs Tough, flexible Poly Film Modified asphalt adhesive Silicone release paper
Air/Vapor Barriers Spray/Roller Applied Approx. 40 to 125 mil thick Available in different chemistries Monolithic Quickly covers large areas Installed above freezing temperatures
Substrate prep is key Wrinkles and Fish-mouths Proper Thickness UV Exposure Times Temperature Limitations Installation Considerations
Walls Air Barriers Can combine Self-Adhered Membranes with Spray Applied Membranes
Common Types of Exterior Continuous Insulation xci Polyiso EPS (Expanded) XPS (Extruded) SPF Mineral Wool
Composite Insulations & High Performance Facers Reduced installation time Factory controlled bond between materials Increase moisture, fire, UV resistance Polyiso bonded to plywood Foil faced polyiso Polyiso bonded to wood fiberboard Polyiso bonded to coverboard
Using Foam Between Insulation Joints Reduces Thermal Losses
Non-Residential, Walls Above Grade Minimum Insulation R-Value Zone ASHRAE 2006 ASHRAE 2009 2012 IBC - IECC 8 R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 7 R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 6 R-13 + R-3.8 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 5 R-13 + R-3.8 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 4 R-13 R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 3 R-13 R-13 + R-3.8 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 2 R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-5 ci 1 R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-5 ci ci = Continuous Insulation
Polyiso Can Reduce Overall Wall Thickness Material R-Value per Inch Polyiso 1.75 XPS 2 Mineral Wool 2 layers 1.5 1 For R-10 Polyiso has passed NFPA 285 tests without any special window header detailing
Challenges of Making Foam Board a Barrier by Taping
Taped Insulation Joints = Not the Best Solution Taped Insulation Joints Water Control Layer on Structure Tape failure allows water to penetrate structure
Roof Roof Assembly Components: 1. Air & Vapor Barrier 2. Insulation 3. Single-Ply Membrane (doubles as air & vapor barrier)
Roof Vapor Barrier NRCA considers the roof system designer to be responsible for determining whether a vapor retarder is necessary in roofing systems. According to the NRCA, a vapor retarder should be considered by roof system designers when the following two conditions are met: The outside average January temperature is below 40 F (4 C) The expected winter interior relative humidity is 45% or greater Other ways of determining the need for roof vapor barrier o U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab. (CRREL) o ASHRAE: 1997 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, Chapter 22 o Other commercially available software for calculation of dew point temperature
Roof Vapor Barrier Roof vapor barrier needed if there s high internal humidity Also needed when white membrane is used with minimal insulation in colder climates Roof vapor barrier may act as a temp. roof
Roof Insulation Single vs. Multiple Layers To Calculate Energy Losses 2005 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals Chapter 23, Formula #11
Roof Insulation Single vs. Multiple Layers Condensation may convert into ice in colder climates
One Metal Fastener and Plate Roof Insulation Adhered top layer - Reduces thermal bridging Thermal Bridging Heat Transfer Analysis Fasteners per Sq. Ft. R-Value Reduction Metal Plate 2 5.57% Metal Plate 4 2.79% Metal Plate 4.35* 2.56% Plastic Plate 2 3.14% Plastic Plate 4 1.57% Plastic Plate 4.35* 1.44% * Mechanically Fastened Roofing Systems Roofing Research and Standards Development ASTM STP 959
Non-Residential, Above Deck Minimum Insulation R-Value * Continuous Insulation IBC = International Building Code - References IECC for Energy Tables IECC = International Energy Conservation Code - References using ASHRAE 90.1 OR IECC Tables IGCC = International Green Construction Code - References using ASHRAE 189.1 Tables
Single-Ply Roofing Three different membrane options EPDM, TPO, PVC Fleece backed membranes also available Fast & Easy detailing Less labor intensive
Tons Carbon Equivalent BTU's/per Sq. Ft. 350,000 300,000 250,000 20 Year Energy Usage Minneapolis, MN 8002 HDD 634 CDD 200,000 Black Membrane 150,000 100,000 White Membrane 50,000 0 15 20 25 30 4,000 3,500 20 Year Carbon Potential 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 15 20 25 30
Tons Carbon Equivalent BTU's/per Sq. Ft. 120,000 100,000 20 Year Energy Usage Corpus Christi, TX 884 HDD 3267 CDD 80,000 60,000 Black Membrane 40,000 White Membrane 20,000 0 15 20 25 30 1,200 20 Year Carbon Potential 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 15 20 25 30
Ballasted Systems A Sustainable Option Aesthetically pleasing Hail Resistance Thermal Characteristics collect heat & disperse naturally Can be recycled A Moisture Tolerant Option for concrete decks
Tying It All Together
Slab On-Grade Foundation Waterproofing Positive-side waterproofing Additional flashing to protect against dirt and debris Blind-side to positive-side waterproofing transition.
Below Grade Wall to Above Grade Wall Tie-In Mechanically fastened through-wall flashing with sealant Through-wall flashing
The Perfect Wall 1. Rainwater Control Layer 2. Air Control Layer 3. Vapor Control Layer 4. Thermal Control Layer All layers are placed on the exterior of the structure
The Perfect Wall Non-permeable Vapor Barrier Why it works in all 8 ASHRAE Zones Water vapor from indoor humidity Water vapor from outdoor humidity
Window Head and Sill Flashing Insert flashing into window sill Wrap A&VB into window opening and seal window with caulk
Above Grade Wall To Roof Tie-In Overlap of wall A&VB and roof membrane Shall be 6 Min. Use termination bar and mechanical fasteners and sealant
Above Grade Wall To Roof Tie-In Considerations When Using PVC Membrane Use a stainless steel separator when adhering to PVC Membrane Use two beads of continuous sealant to protect against air leakage
Above Grade Wall To Roof Tie-In Insulation Should Be Continuous, Wrapping Entire Parapet Wall With Separate Roof Air & Vapor Barrier Overlap of Wall A&VB and Roof A&VB Shall be 6 Min.
Building Enclosure Commissioning (BECx) A strict, quality-focused process wherein the performance of a facility, system or assembly is evaluated and verified against defined objectives and criteria. Predesign Design Preconstruction Construction Post Occupancy
Building Enclosure Commissioning Inspect all work before it is covered up ASTM Testing Quality Control
Key Take Aways Energy cost reduction Improved indoor air quality Vapor barrier placement is crucial Avoid two vapor barriers in wall assemblies Coordinate with HVAC team to reduce HVAC size
Industries ONLY single-source Material Performance and Tie-In Warranty For All 6 Sides of Your Building! www.carlislenvelop.com