Overview Interactions of Living Things

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Overview Interactions of Living Things Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. air biotic soil communities water organisms populations The part of Earth that supports life is the abiotic nonliving features under the heading biosphere and is composed of living and once-living features under the heading 4. such as that includes 1. and 2. and 3. which, taken together, form an 5. of individual species which make up 6. which interact with other species to form 7. ecosystem Interactions of Living Things 19

Name Date Class Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 1 The Environment Section 2 Interactions Among Living Organisms Directions: Write the letter of the term that correctly completes each sentence in the space at the left. 1. Water, sunlight, temperature, soil, and air are. a. biotic factors b. abiotic factors 2. Organisms depend on other organisms for food, shelter, protection, and reproduction. These other organisms are. a. biotic factors b. abiotic factors 3. All the ducks living on a lake at the same time make up a. a. population b. community 4. A population of squirrels and all the populations they interact with make up a. a. community b. biosphere 5. A coral reef is an example of an. a. abiotic factor b. ecosystem 6. Scientists call tropical rainforests and mountains. a. biomes b. ecosystems 7. Biomes, communities, and populations are part of the. a. biosphere b. ecosystem 8. The number of individual organisms that occupy a definite area is called population. a. size b. density 9. If the amount of food in an area can support only a certain number of deer in a population, the amount of food is called a. a. carrying capacity b. limiting factor 10. A relationship that benefits one organism without affecting the other is called. a. commensalism b. predation 11. A relationship that benefits both organisms is called. a. parasitism b. mutualism 12. The pond a frog lives in is called its. a. niche b. habitat 20 Interactions of Living Things

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Section 3 Matter and Energy Directions: Circle the terms that correctly complete each sentence below. 1. When one organism eats another, energy in the form of food is transferred from the (eaten/eater) to the (eaten/eater). 2. In the carbon cycle, plants remove carbon from the air and use it to make (carbohydrates/water). 3. At each level of a food chain, organisms lose energy as (sunlight/heat). Energy is renewed constantly by (food/sunlight). 4. Organisms use (nitrogen/carbon) to make proteins. 5. The laws of conservation of energy and mass state that (energy/matter) is never lost or gained. Directions: Complete the paragraphs using the terms listed below. food chain decomposers consumers producers food web Plants are 6. ; they capture and use energy from the Sun and use it to produce carbohydrates. Animals are 7. ; they obtain energy when they feed on producers or other animals. Mushrooms are 8. ; they obtain energy as they break down the remains of organisms. This movement of energy through a community is known as a 9. which, in turn, combines with others like it to form a 10.. Interactions of Living Things 21

Directed Reading for Content Mastery Key Terms Interactions of Living Things Directions: Match the terms in Column II with the definitions in Column I. Write the letter of the correct term in the blank at the left. Column I 1. factors that are the living or once-living parts of the environment 2. where an organism lives 3. all communities in an area and the abiotic factors that affect them 4. any close interaction between two or more different species 5. role of an organism in the ecosystem 6. factors that are the nonliving parts of the environment 7. populations of different species that interact in some way 8. factor that affects the number of individuals in a population 9. all the members of one species that live in the same place at the same time 10. number of individuals in a population that occupy a definite area 11. study of the interactions among organisms and their environment 12. way of showing how energy in the form of food passes from one organism to another 13. part of Earth that supports life Column II a. symbiosis b. ecology c. community d. abiotic e. population f. food chain g. niche h. biotic i. biosphere j. ecosystem k. habitat l. population density m. limiting factor 22 Interactions of Living Things

1 Reinforcement The Environment Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below. temperature soil water biotic factors abiotic factors food chains Environmental factors such as 1. are living organisms which are a part of such as 2. are nonliving factors including 3. 6. sunlight Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided. 7. Compare and contrast a biome and a biosphere. 4. which is essential for cell fluids 5. which is the top layer of Earth s crust air which depends on sunlight climate 8. List the major elements that are included in the biosphere. Interactions of Living Things 27

2 Reinforcement Interactions Among Living Organisms Directions: Select the term from the following list that matches each description. spacing predation size potential limiting density 1. number of individuals in a population 2. regulates a population when organisms feed on other organisms 3. maximum rate at which a population increases 4. a factor that limits the number of individuals in a population 5. the number of individuals that live in a defined space 6. the arrangement of organisms in a given area Directions: In the table below, write the type of symbiosis practiced by the organisms in the left-hand column and describe their relationships. Organisms s Type of symbiosis Description of relationship 7. Mistletoe and tree 8. Flatworm and horseshoe crab 9. Yucca and yucca moth 28 Interactions of Living Things

3 Reinforcement Matter and Energy Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Underline the incorrect word(s) and write the correct word on the line provided. 1. Consumers capture and use energy from the Sun. 2. A series of overlapping food chains is called a food niche. 3. A model of energy transfer is an ecological biome. 4. A model of energy available in a predator chain is an energy pyramid. 5. At the top of the energy pyramid, energy is slightly reduced. 6. Photosynthesis involves the production of food and oxygen by bacteria using chemical compounds. 7. Molecules of water that encounter colder air temperatures speed up. 8. The movement of carbon through Earth s ecosystem is called the fixation cycle. 9. Nitrogen is used by organisms to make fats. 10. Nitrogen and carbon are used up by the processes of a biosphere. 11. Mushrooms are classified as producers. 12. When a carnivore eats a plant, it gains some of the plant s energy. 13. Producers take in energy from nitrogen. Interactions of Living Things 29

Note-taking Worksheet Interactions of Living Things Section 1 The Environment A. The study of interactions among organisms and their environment is called. B. factors nonliving parts of the environment 1. is needed by all organisms for cell and life processes. 2. and determine where plants and animals can live. 3. gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are needed by most species. 4. types determine what plants and animals can live in an area. C. factors living or once-living parts of the environment 1. All members of one species living together form a. 2. are groups of populations that interact with each other in a given area. 3. The biotic community and its abiotic factors make up an. 4. are large areas containing several ecosystems. 5. The includes the top layer of Earth s crust, all waters, and the atmosphere. Section 2 Interactions Among Living Organisms A. Characteristics of 1. number of individuals in a population 2. Number of individuals in a particular area is the. 3. Population how organisms are arranged in an area a. spaced consistent distance between organisms b. spaced individual location is independent of other individuals locations c. spacing organisms group together 4. A biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the size of a population is called a. 5. the maximum population size that can live in an environment over time 6. the size a population could reach if no limiting factors stopped its growth Interactions of Living Things 33

Note-taking Worksheet (continued) B. close interactions between species 1. When both species benefit, the relationship is termed. 2. is a form of symbiosis that helps one species but has no effect on the other. 3. When one species is harmed and the other benefits, the symbiosis is termed. 4. occurs when one species hunts, kills, and eats another 5. where an organism lives 6. an organism s function in its ecosystem Section 3 Matter and Energy A. moves through a community as producers and consumers interact 1. how food energy moves from one organism to another 2. overlapping food chains to better show the way energy moves through an ecosystem 3. bottom layer of pyramid represents ecosystem producers; top layers represent consumers 4. compares the energy available at each level of a food chain; bottom levels have more energy than top levels B. Cycles of matter matter that makes up living organisms, such as water, carbon, and nitrogen, through the environment 1. Processes of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation make up the. 2. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and other elements needed by living organisms move through Earth s. 34 Interactions of Living Things

Chapter Review Interactions of Living Things Part A. Vocabulary Review Directions: Write the correct term in the spaces beside each definition. Unscramble the boxed letters to answer question 9. 1. environmental factors that include soil, sunlight, and air 2. made of overlapping food chains 3. study of interactions among organisms and their environment 4. includes Earth s crust, water on Earth s surface, and atmosphere 5. number of one species in an area 6. Sometimes environments reach a carrying. 7. a relationship in which one species benefits at the expense of another 8. role of an organism in an ecosystem 9. What has happened to energy in the environment? Part B. Concept Review Directions: Number these levels of organization from the lowest level of biological organization to the highest. 1. population 4. biome 2. ecosystem 5. community 3. organism 6. biosphere Directions: Correctly complete each sentence by underlining the best of the two choices in the parentheses. 7. Groups of populations that interact with each other in a given area form a (niche, community). 8. The struggle among organisms to obtain resources for reproduction and survival is called (competition, capacity). 9. A symbiotic relationship that benefits both species is called (commensalism, mutualism) Assessment 10. The physical location where an organism lives is its (habitat, population). Interactions of Living Things 37

Chapter Review (continued) Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences. 11. What types of organisms are found in soil? Give examples. 12. Describe how Earth s biosphere cycles materials over and over. 13. What is the difference between population density and population spacing? Assessment 14. Define a food chain and compare it with a food web. 38 Interactions of Living Things

Interactions of Living Things I. Testing Concepts Directions: Match the description in Column I with the item in Column II. Write the letter of the correct term in the blank at the left. Some items in the second column may not be used. Column I Chapter Test 1. cell fluids are mostly this compound 2. study of interactions among organisms and their environment 3. symbiotic relationship that benefits both species 4. living organisms 5. changing nitrogen gas to nitrogen in the soil 6. limits the number of organisms in an environment 7. required for recycling matter 8. the first level of the food chain 9. one organism kills and feeds on another organism 10. the largest amount of organisms that an environment can support and maintain Column II a. ecology b. limiting factor c. carrying capacity d. producers e. nitrogen fixation f. energy g. biotic factors h. predation i. air j. abiotic factors k. mutualism l. water Directions: Identify each statement as true or false. Rewrite false statements to make them correct. 11. The atmosphere is composed of a mixture of gases needed for predation. 12. Predators are abiotic factors that limit the size of prey populations. 13. Groups of populations that interact with each other in a given area form a community. Assessment Interactions of Living Things 39

Chapter Test (continued) 14. An ecosystem is a large region with plant and animal groups well adapted to the soil and climate of the region. 15. A biosphere includes all biomes, ecosystems, communities, and populations. 16. The number of individuals living in a definite area is called population spacing. II. Understanding Concepts Skill: Designing an Experiment Directions: Answer the following question on the lines provided. 1. How could you use a graduated cylinder, water, and a stopper to show the fundamentals of the water cycle? Assessment Skill: Comparing and Contrasting 2. Compare and contrast abiotic factors and biotic factors. 40 Interactions of Living Things

Chapter Test (continued) Skill: Concept Mapping Directions: Fill in the blanks to describe how the living world is organized. Single individuals, called 3. living in the same area at the same time form 4. of different species that interact in 5. A large region of plants and animals adapted to the soil and climate is called a(n) 7. which combine with the abiotic factors affecting them to form 6. All the ecosystems on Earth make up the 8. Assessment Interactions of Living Things 41

Chapter Test (continued) III. Applying Concepts Directions: Match the following characteristics of populations with the phrase that best describes them. 1. number of individuals in a population 2. number of individuals that occupy a definite area 3. maximum rate of population increase 4. reduces the number in the population 5. arrangement of organisms in an area IV. Writing Skills Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. What are the abiotic factors that determine what lives in an environment? a. density b. limiting factor c. size d. biotic potential e. spacing 2. Explain the steps of a food chain. Assessment 3. Describe the three types of symbiosis. 42 Interactions of Living Things