Counters for Monitoring

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Transcription:

Joel Schmitigal, Jill Bramer Chemists, TARDEC 7 May 2013 Army Demonstration of Light Obscuration Particle Counters for Monitoring Aviation Fuel Contamination 1

Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 07 AUG 2013 2. REPORT TYPE Briefing Charts 3. DATES COVERED 01-08-2013 to 04-08-2013 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Army Demonstration of Light Obscuration Particle Counters for Monitoring Aviation Fuel Contamination 6. AUTHOR(S) Joel Schmitigal; Jill Bramer 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army TARDEC,6501 East Eleven Mile Rd,Warren,Mi,48397-5000 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) U.S. Army TARDEC, 6501 East Eleven Mile Rd, Warren, Mi, 48397-5000 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER #24085 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR S ACRONYM(S) TARDEC 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR S REPORT NUMBER(S) #24085 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT briefing charts 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF a. REPORT unclassified b. ABSTRACT unclassified c. THIS PAGE unclassified ABSTRACT Public Release 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 66 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

Project Background Evaluation of In-line and Laboratory Particle Counters for US Military applications: AFCTK/PTK PQAS-E Online fuel contamination monitoring Tri-Service project funded by DLA-Energy Army received $45,000 Complimentary testing to programs completed by the Energy Institute, Navy, TFLRF, and Parker Hannifin 2

Project Background Current Methods Current methods: ASTM D2276 Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling ASTM D3240 Undissolved Water in Aviation Turbine Fuels ASTM D4176 Free Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures) Drawbacks: Operator Subjectivity Large sample volumes Potential Contamination 3

Project Background Electronic Methods DEF STAN 91-91 and MIL-DTL-83133 both include a report only requirement for particle counting IP 564 Parker ACM20 IP 565/ASTM D7619 Stanhope-Seta AvCount IP 577 Pamas S40 Parker icountos - Online instrument Drawbacks to electronic methods Unable to distinguish between free water, sediment, and air bubbles 4

Objective Utilize existing particle counter technology to monitor aviation fuel quality for 5 days at 2 Army sites. Monitor fixed and mobile infrastructure points used to receive, store, and distribute aviation turbine fuel. Near real-time and laboratory non-subjective data analysis of the quality of aviation turbine fuel compared to military and industry accepted methods. 5

Electronic Sensor History Particle counting is not a new science Hydraulic industry has utilized this technology for decades and created a mature process Hydraulic industry has developed recognized calibration methodologies and standardized di d cleanliness li code ratings ISO 11171 ISO 4406 Challenge Being able to determine both particulate and water contamination 6

Proposed Particle Count Limits Receipt Vehicle Fuel Tank Fuel Injector Aviation Fuel DEF (AUST) 5695B 18/16/13 Parker 18/16/13 14/10/7 Pamas/Parker/Particle Solutions 19/17/12 U.S. Army 19/17/14/13* Diesel Fuel World Wide Fuel Charter 4th 18/16/13 DEF (AUST) 5695B 18/16/13 Bosch/Cummins 18/16/13 Donaldson 22/21/18 14/13/11 12/9/6 Pall 17/15/12 15/14/11 12/9/6 11/8/7 * 4µm (c)/ 6µm (c)/ 14µm (c)/ 30µm (c) 7

Evaluation Details Online Two types of instruments Lab-based based 8

Site I Fuel Distribution Bulk Fuel unloading rack Fuel sampling points 9

Site I Bulk Delivery Offload 10

Site I Bulk Sampling Matched Weight Monitor Samples Aqua-Glo Sample (1L) 1-gallon sample for lab instruments 11

Site I Bulk Sampling Online instruments Parker Hannifin icountos Measuring particles in fuel flow from truck to bulk storage tank. Instrument averages 2 minutes of data. For our application, we manually started the pump. 12

Bulk Day 1 22 20 4 µm ISO Code 18 16 14 12 AvCount ACM20 S40 AVTUR IcountOS 10 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Time 13

Sample can contamination 14

Bulk Day 2 µm ISO Cod de 4 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 AvCount ACM 20 S40 AVTUR IcountOS 10 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Time 15

Site I Transfer from Bulk Storage Samples taken upstream and downstream of the Filter Separator 16

Site I Transfer from Bulk Storage 4 micron 18 16 4μm ISO Co ode 14 12 10 8 Upstream Downstream 6 4 8:24:00 8:52:48 9:21:36 9:50:24 10:19:12 10:48:00 Time 17

Site I Transfer from Bulk Storage 6 micron 14 12 6 μm ISO Cod de 10 8 6 4 Upstream Downstream 2 0 8:24:00 8:52:48 9:21:36 9:50:24 10:19:12 10:48:00 Time 18

Site I Transfer from Bulk Storage 14 micron 4μm ISO Co ode 1 12 10 8 6 4 2 Upstream Downstream 0 8:24:00 8:52:48 9:21:36 9:50:24 10:19:12 10:48:00 Time 19

Site I Transfer from Bulk Storage Time (EST) mg/l Location Lab ID Avcount ACM20 #1 ACM20 #2 S40 AVTUR #1 S40 AVTUR #2 830 1.11 Upstream 22 14/13/9/5 13/12/8/4 14/12/8/5 14/12/9/ 14/12/8/ 22A 15/13/10/6 14/12/8/5 14/12/9/5 14/13/9/ 15/13/9/ 830 1.33 Downstream 23 14/12/9/4 13/12/8/4 14/12/9/5 14/12/9/ 14/12/9/ 23A 15/13/10/7 14/12/9/5 14/12/9/5 15/13/10/ 15/13/9/ 918 0.60 Upstream 24 15/13/10/7 14/12/9/4 14/12/9/4 15/13/10/ 15/13/10/ 24A 15/14/10/6 15/13/9/4 15/13/9/5 15/14/10/ 15/13/10/ 918 1.25 Downstream 25 15/13/9/5 14/12/8/4 14/12/8/4 14/13/9/ 14/12/9/ 25A 16/14/11/7 15/13/8/7 15/13/10/6 15/14/10/ 15/14/10/ 1030 0.00 Upstream 26 14/12/9/5 14/12/8/0 14/12/8/4 14/12/9/ 15/12/9/ 26A 15/13/10/6 14/13/9/4 14/13/9/5 15/13/10/ 15/13/10/ 1030 2.00* Downstream 27 16/13/9/5 15/12/8/5 15/12/8/4 15/12/8/ 15/12/9/ 27A 16/14/10/6 15/13/9/5 15/13/9/5 16/13/10/ 16/13/10/ 20

Site I Fuel Dispensing Dispensing Station for Refueling Trucks 21

Site I Dispensing Date Time (EST) mg/l Location Lab ID Avcount ACM20 #1 ACM20 #2 S40 AVTUR #1 S40 AVTUR #2 IOS 9 Apr 2013 1310 1.13 Upstream 20 16/14/11/7 15/14/10/6 15/14/10/5 16/14/11/ 16/14/11/ 12/10/7/3 20A 16/15/11/7 16/14/10/7 16/14/10/7 16/14/11/ 16/14/11/ 1310 0.40 Downstream 19 18/16/12/8 17/15/11/7 17/15/11/6 17/15/12/ 17/15/12/ 13/11/8/6 19A 18/16/12/8 17/15/11/7 17/15/11/7 17/16/12/ 17/15/12/ 1330 0.30 Truck 21 15/14/11/7 15/13/9/5 15/13/10/6 15/14/10/ 15/14/10/ 10/8/5/2 Downstream 21A 16/14/11/7 15/14/10/6 15/14/10/5 16/14/11/ 16/14/11/ 10 Apr 2013 1324 0.38 Upstream 29 16/14/11/7 15/13/10/5 15/13/10/6 15/13/10/ 15/13/11/ 29A 16/14/11/8 15/14/10/7 15/14/10/6 16/14/11/ 16/14/11/ 1324 0.00 Downstream 28 17/15/11/7 16/14/10/5 16/14/10/6 17/14/11/ 17/15/11/ 1115 Truck 28A 17/15/11/7 17/14/10/7 17/14/10/7 17/15/11/ 17/15/11/ Downstream 11/8/6/0 22

Site I Fuel Dispensing Dispensing from COCO Refueling Truck into HEMTT (~4700 gallons) 23

Site I Dispensing C5 Refueling 16 14 12 4μm ISO Code 10 8 6 Upstream Downstream 4 2 0 12:00:00 12:28:48 12:57:36 13:26:24 Time 24

Site I Dispensing C5 Refueling 14 12 10 6μm ISO Code 8 6 4 Upstream Downstream 2 0 12:00:00 12:28:48 12:57:36 13:26:24 Time 25

Site I Dispensing C5 Refueling 12 10 14μm ISO Cod de 8 6 4 Upstream Downstream 2 0 12:00:00 12:28:48 12:57:36 13:26:24 Time 26

Site I C17 Refueling 18 oe 4μm ISO Cd 16 14 12 10 8 Downstream Upstream 6 15:07:12 15:21:36 15:36:00 15:50:24 Time 27

Site I C17 Refueling Time (EST) mg/l Location Lab ID Avcount ACM 20 #1 ACM 20 #2 S40 AVTUR #1 S40 AVTUR #2 1511 0.70 Upstream 31 16/14/10/7 16/13/10/7 16/13/10/6 16/14/10/ 16/14/10/ 31A 17/14/11/7 16/14/10/6 16/14/10/6 16/14/11/ 16/14/10/ 1511 0.25 Downstream 30 16/14/11/7 15/13/10/6 15/13/10/5 16/14/10/ 16/14/11/ 30A 16/14/11/7 16/14/10/6 16/14/10/6 16/14/11/ 16/14/11/ 28

Site I - ACM 20 Verification Tested a lab based unit in the field ACM20 was designed for online but outside the scope of this evaluation Compared the data between the ACM20 and the IOS (upstream) 29

Site I - ACM 20 Verification 12.0 10.0 ACM 20 4 micron ISO Code 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 90419 9:04:19 90712 9:07:12 91005 9:10:05 91258 9:12:58 2.0 Time ACM 20 6 micron ACM 20 14 micron ACM 20 30 micron IOC 4 micron average 30

Site I - ACM 20 Verification Time (EST) Location Lab ID Avcount ACM20 On line ACM20 #1 ACM20 #2 S40 AVTUR #1 S40 AVTUR #2 845 Upstream 32 17/15/11/7 15/13/9/5 15/13/9/5 16/14/10/ 16/14/10/ 32A 17/15/11/7 16/14/10/6 16/14/10/6 16/14/11/ 16/14/11/ 900 Upstream 33 16/14/10/7 16/14/10/0 16/14/10/4 17/14/11/ 17/14/11/ 33A 17/15/11/8 16/14/10/5 17/14/10/5 17/15/11/ 17/15/11/ 907 Upstream 11/9/5/0 909 Upstream 11/9/5/0 31

Site I - Bulk Sampling ACM 20 Verification 17.0 ISO Cod de 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 ACM 20 4 micron ACM 20 6 micron ACM20 14 micron ACM 20 30 micron IOS 4 micron Average 7.0 IOS 6 micron average 5.0 10:36:29 10:37:55 10:39:22 10:40:48 IOS 14 micron average IOS 30 micron average Time 32

Site I - Bulk Sampling ACM 20 Verification 17.0 ode ISO C 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 7.0 5.0 10:36:29 10:37:55 10:39:22 10:40:48 Time ACM20 4 micron ACM 20 6 micron ACM 20 14 micron ACM 20 30 micron IOS 4 micron average IOS 6 micron average IOS 14 micron average IOS 30 micron average 33

Site I - Bulk Sampling ACM 20 Verification Time (EST) Truck Location Lab Unit Run ID Avcount ACM 20 On line ACM 20 #1 ACM 20 #2 S40 AVTUR #1 S40 AVTUR #2 1014 6 Bulk 35 16/14/11/9 14/13/11/6 16/13/11/10 16/13/10/8 16/14/12/ 16/14/11/ 35A 17/14/12/11 16/14/12/12 16/14/12/11 16/14/13/ 16/15/13/ 1030 7 Bulk 36 17/14/11/9 / /9 12/11/6/6 /6/6 16/14/10/6 / 16/14/10/6 / 16/14/11/ / / 16/14/11/ / / 36A 17/15/11/9 16/14/10/6 16/14/10/6 17/15/11/ 17/14/11/ 34

Site II Fuel Distribution Overview Fuel Storage Bulk Fuel unloading rack 35

Site II - Samples Time Sample # Date (EST) Sample Source/Location 1 15 Apr 2013 930 Location A AHP Reciept upstream 2 15 Apr 2013 930 Location A AHP Reciept downstream 3 15 Apr 2013 1340 Location A AHP Issue upstream 4 15 Apr 2013 1300 Location A AHP Issue downstream 5 15 Apr 2013 1300 Location A AHP Issue upstream 6 15 Apr 2013 1340 Location A AHP Issue downstream 7 15 Apr 2013 1400 Location A AHP Reciept upstream 8 15 Apr 2013 1400 Location A AHP Reciept downstream 9 15 Apr 2013 1435 Location A AHP Issue upstream 10 15 Apr 2013 1435 Location A AHP Issue downstream 11 15 Apr 2013 1355 Location A AHP Issue upstream 12 15 Apr 2013 1355 Location A AHP Issue downstream 13 16 Apr 2013 800 Location A AHP Reciept upstream 14 16 Apr 2013 800 Location A AHP Reciept downstream 15 16 Apr 2013 930 Location A AHP Reciept upstream 16 16 Apr 2013 930 Location A AHP Reciept downstream 17 16 Apr 2013 1300 Location A AHP Issue upstream 18 16 Apr 2013 1300 Location A AHP Issue downstream Time Sample # Date (EST) Sample Source/Location 19 16 Apr 2013 1300 Location A AHP Reciept upstream 20 16 Apr 2013 1300 Location A AHP Reciept downstream 21 17 Apr 2013 915 Location B AHP air pad 11 22 17 Apr 2013 938 Location B AHP air pad 11 23 17 Apr 2013 1330 Location C AHP Reciept upstream 24 17 Apr 2013 1330 Location C AHP Reciept downstream 25 17 Apr 2013 1408 Location C AHP issue upstream 26 18 Apr 2013 840 Location C AHP Reciept upstream 27 18 Apr 2013 840 Location C AHP Reciept downstream 28 18 Apr 2013 930 Location C AHP Reciept upstream 29 18 Apr 2013 930 Location C AHP Reciept downstream 30 18 Apr 2013 1347 Location C AHP Reciept upstream 31 18 Apr 2013 1347 Location C AHP Reciept downstream 32 18 Apr 2013 1320 Location C AHP Issue upstream 33 18 Apr 2013 1320 Location C AHP Issue downstream 34 18 Apr 2013 1320 Location C AHP Issue upstream 35 18 Apr 2013 1320 Location C AHP Issue downstream 36

Site II - Receipts Upstream 19 18 4μm ISO Co ode 17 16 15 14 AvCount ACM20 S40 AVTUR IcountOS 13 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Sample Number 37

Site II - Receipts Downstream 4 μm ISO co ode 20 18 16 14 12 AvCount ACM20 S40 Avtur 10 IcountOS 8 0 10 20 30 40 Sample Number 38

Site II - Receipts Upstream 6 μm ISO code 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 AvCount ACM20 S40 AVTUR IcountOS 9 0 10 20 30 Sample Number 39

Site II - Receipts Downstream 18 16 6 μm ISO Co ode 14 12 610 8 6 AvCount ACM 20 S40 Avtur IcountOS 0 10 20 30 40 Sample Number 40

Site II - Receipts Time (EST) Location Sample # mg/l Avcount ACM20 S40 AVTUR IcountOS 930 upstream 1 0.3 18/15/11/8 17/14/10/6 17/15/11/ 16/15/14/13 930 downstream 2 0.2 16/15/12/9 16/14/11/7 16/15/12/ 14/13/11/7 1400 upstream 7 0.0 17/15/12/10 16/15/12/8 16/15/12/ 14/13/10/9 1400 downstream 8 1.0 18/17/14/10 18/16/13/8 18/16/13/ 14/13/9/6 800 upstream 13 0.8 16/14/10/6 15/13/9/4 16/14/10/ 17/13/9/6 800 downstream 14 0.5 17/15/11/8 16/14/10/6 17/15/11/ 16/14/10/7 930 upstream 15 0.0 16/14/10/7 16/13/10/5 16/14/10/ 14/12/9/6 930 downstream 16 0.0 16/14/11/7 15/14/10/5 16/14/11/ 14/13/9/7 1300 upstream 19 1.0 17/14/11/8 16/13/10/5 16/14/11/ 14/13/11/10 1300 downstream 20 1.7 16/14/11/7 15/14/10/5 16/14/11/ 14/13/10/8 1330 upstream 23 0.7 17/14/11/7 17/14/11/7 17/15/12/ 17/15/13/10 1330 downstream 24 0.4 16/15/11/7 16/14/10/5 16/15/11/ 840 upstream 26 1.0 16/14/10/6 16/13/9/4 16/14/10/ 17/13/10/6 840 downstream 27 0.4 16/14/11/7 15/13/10/7 16/14/10/ 14/12/9/7 930 upstream 28 0.1 16/13/9/6 15/13/8/4 16/13/9/ 12/10/6/0 930 downstream 29 0.1 16/14/10/6 16/14/11/9 16/15/11/ 9/7/0/0 41

Site II Location A Filter Separator Systems Refueling Issuing FS; 1 for each stand Bulk Delivery Receipt FS; 1 for each stand 42

Site II Location A Samples taken upstream and downstream of the Filter Separator IOS (online) Matched weight monitor Aqua-Glo Refueling trucks were small (~2500gals) and would fill before we could pull gravimetrics and Aqua-Glo samples 43

Site II Location A Samples 1 & 2 20 18 upstream downstream m ISO code 4 μ 16 14 12 10 9:28:48 9:43:12 9:57:36 Time 44

Site II Location A Samples 7 & 8 ISO Code 19 18 upstream 17 downstream 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 14:18:14 14:22:34 14:26:53 Time 45

Site II Location A Samples 13 & 14 4 μm ISO Cod de 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 upstream downstream 10 8:38:24 8:45:36 8:52:48 9:00:00 9:07:12 TimeTitle 46

Site II Location A Sample 15 ISO Code 20 18 16 14 12 4 micron 10 6 micron 8 14 micron 6 4 30 micron 2 0 9:28:48 9:43:12 9:57:36 10:12:00 Time 47

Site II Location A Sample 16 ISO Code 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 9:28:48 9:43:12 9:57:36 10:12:00 Time 4 micron 6 micron 14 micron 30 micron 48

Site II Location A Samples 19 & 20 4 μm ISO Code 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 13:12:00 13:26:24 13:40:48 Time Upstream Downstream 49

Site II Location A Sample 19 ISO Code 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 13:12:00 13:26:24 13:40:48 Time 4 micron 6 micron 14 micron 30 micron 50

Site II Location A Sample 20 ISO Code 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 13:12:00 13:26:24 13:40:48 Time 4 micron 6 micron 14 micron 30 micron 51

In-line testing Observation IOS counts would spike during bulk offload. These trucks were baffled and air was introduced to the system when the operators switched tank compartments. 52

Site II Location A Issue 2,4,5,6,11 & 12 4 μm ISO Cod de 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 upstream downstream 0 13:33:36 14:02:24 14:31:12 15:00:00 Time 53

Site II Location A Issue 17 & 18 14 12 4 μm ISO co ode 10 8 6 upstream downstream 4 13:12:00 13:26:24 13:40:48 Time 54

Site II Location B - Army Heliport Hot refueling location 22 bulk tanks; 2 receiving FS Fuel that isn t issued is refiltered through system Typical refuel takes 2-4 minutes 55

Site II Location B - Air Pad 11 18 16 14 12 ISO Code 10 8 6 4 micron 6 micron 16 micron 30 micron 4 2 0 9:14:24 9:21:36 9:28:48 9:36:00 9:43:12 9:50:24 9:57:36 10:04:48 10:12:00 Time 56

Site II Location B - Air Pad 11 Time (EST) Sample # Avcount ACM20 S40 AVTUR 915 21 16/14/11/7 16/14/10/6 17/14/11/ 938 22 16/14/10/7 15/13/9/6 16/13/10/ 57

Site II Location C Bulk Delivery and Refueling Station 58

Site II Location C - Testing 59

Site II Location C - Testing Online IOS testing 60

Site II Location C Samples 26 & 27 4 μm ISO Cod de 18 upstream 16 downstream 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 8:38:24 8:45:36 8:52:48 9:00:00 9:07:12 9:14:24 9:21:36 Time 61

Site II Location C Samples 28 & 29 4 μm ISO Cod de 20 upstream 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 downstream 0 9:36:00 9:50:24 10:04:48 Time 62

Site II Location C Issue samples 32 & 33 16 Upstream 14 Downstream 12 4 μm ISO Cod de 10 8 6 4 2 0 13:12:00 13:40:48 14:09:36 Time 63

Site II Location C Issue samples Time (EST) Location Sample # Avcount ACM20 S40 AVTUR IcountOS 1300 upstream 5 17/15/11/7 17/14/10/6 17/15/11/ 15/13/9/7 1300 downstream 4 17/15/12/7 16/15/10/5 17/15/12/ 14/12/9/7 1340 upstream 3 17/15/12/9 17/15/11/7 17/15/12/ 16/14/12/10 1340 downstream 6 15/14/11/8 15/13/10/7 15/13/11/ 1355 upstream 11 17/15/12/8 16/14/10/6 16/14/11/ 13/11/7/6 1355 downstream 12 16/14/11/7 16/14/10/6 16/14/11/ 11/10/5/0 1435 upstream 9 17/15/12/9 16/14/11/7 16/15/12/ 1435 downstream 10 18/16/14/9 17/16/12/8 18/16/14/ 14/13/11/11 1300 upstream 17 17/15/10/6 17/14/9/5 17/15/11/ 12/11/8/4 1300 downstream 18 17/15/11/6 17/14/10/6 17/15/11/ 13/11/8/6 1320 upstream 32 17/15/11/7 17/15/10/7 17/15/11/ 15/13/10/7 1320 downstream 33 17/15/11/7 16/14/10/6 17/14/11/ 16/14/12/12 64

Conclusions Bottle sampling has the likelihood to induce contamination into measurements that is not present in the fuel stream. Particle counters are affected by air bubbles in the fuel stream. Proposed 19/17/14/13 is an acceptable working limit. 92F desire to replace existing aqua-glo free water testing. 65

Lessons Learned AFCTK sampling apparatus and bottles leak. AFCTK sampling hose has the potential to induce contamination. Sample port valves improve fuel sample cleanliness and reduce fuel spillage. 66

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