Regional Workshop on: Developing a Regional Energy Efficiency Investment Pipeline UN ESCWA 19-20 June 2014 El-Gouna, Hourghada, Egypt Energy Efficiency in Kuwait: Past, Current & Future Ali Ebraheem Hajiah, Ph.D. Energy and Building Research Center Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Outline Importance of Energy Efficiency (EE) Kuwait Energy Scenario Energy & Utility Facts Building Energy Code of Practice EE Challenges & Opportunities KISRs EE Technologies Program Supporting & Leading Agents (Role of KFAS) Solutions and Recommendations
Global Energy Demand Percentages growth in global energy demand by 2030: Conventional Source: Oil 1.4% Gas 1.8% Coal 1.8% Alternative Sources: Nuclear 1.4% Hydro 1.9% Biomass 1.3% Renewable sources: Solar 9.6% Wind 12.4% Source : The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2030, ExxonMobil 3
Key Strategies to Conserve Fossil Fuels Worldwide Improve EE of processes and equipment consuming fossil fuels such as power plants, transportation etc. Implement EE & conservation programs. Maximize use of hydro power and build nuclear power plants. Use RE resources. 5
Why go for energy efficiency? (Savings cheaper than production) Cost of 1 kw: New power plant investment S$ / kw 1600 Energy efficient building investment S$ / kw 300 Energy efficient building, Malaysia
Energy Efficiency, The Big Picture 7
Kuwait s Local Primary Energy (oil & natural gas) Consumption by Sector
Electricity Consumption (%) in Kuwait by Sector Sector Residential Governmental Industrial Commercial In Power Plants Lost from Grid Total Percentage 48% 8% 12% 7% 15% 10% 100%
Power and Energy Demand in Kuwait
Monthly Peak Demand (MW) Monthly Peak Power Demand in Kuwait 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2000 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
MW Pecentage of Max. Hourly demand in the peak day of 2011 (July 27, 2011) 12000 peak load (MW) 120% 10000 Ratio of the Peak 100% 8000 80% 6000 60% 4000 40% 2000 20% 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time 0%
Ratio Relative 1992 Per capita energy consumption and population growth of Kuwait between 1992 and 2011 3.00 2.50 Population Per Capita Energy Consumption 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Types and number of buildings in Kuwait, 2011 Type Number of Buildings Percentage of Total Private Residential 390,213 86.3% Governmental Residential 1,448 0.3% Commercial 45,685 10.1% Industrial 1,832 0.4% Agricultural 4,597 1.0% Services 937 0.2% Governmental 7,553 1.7% Total 452,265
Monthly Electrical Consumption (GWh) Monthly Electrical Load versus Monthly Average Ambient Temperature for Kuwait in 2005 and 2011 7000 6500 6000 5500 5000 4500 y = 195.69x - 1395.2 R² = 0.9601 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 2733.3 2012.8 y = 155.54x - 1253.32011 R² = 0.978 2005 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Monthly Average Temperature (C)
Energy & Utility Facts about Kuwait AC and lighting of buildings account for nearly 85% of peak electric power and 60% of annual electrical consumption. Fuel share in power plants is 84% for electricity and 16% for water. Subsidies electricity charges. Actual cost 40 fils/kwh. Energy Charge only, flat rate of 2 fils/kwh. No demand charge.
Building Energy Code of Practice in Kuwait, Past: The 1983 code was developed by MEW, MPW and KISR: Applicable to all new and retrofitted buildings of all types. The code covers electrical installations : Regulations including their operations energy and conservation measures in buildings. Basic energy conservation requirements: limits A/C peak power (Watt) per unit area (m 2 ) for air- and water-cooled A/C systems as well as lighting for: Residential buildings. Commercial buildings (including office, shops, mosques, schools... etc.).
1983 codes are documented in the following publications: (MEW / R-1) Regulations for electrical installations. (MEW/R-2) Procedures for approval of electrical and A/C drawings and connection of power supply for construction and buildings projects. (MEW/ R-3) Electrical load form and explanatory notes. (MEW / R-4) Regulations for testing of electrical installations before connection of power supply. (MEW / R-5) General guidelines for energy conservation in buildings. (MEW/R-6) Code of practice for energy conservation in buildings and appendices. (MEW / R-7) Rules and regulations for design of A/C system and equipment. (MEW/R-8) Rules and regulations for handing over engineering services (electrical and mechanical) to the maintenance authority. (MEW / S-1) General specifications for electrical installations.
MEW/ R-6 2010 Building Energy Code of Practice in Kuwait, Current: قرار وزاري رقم )9( لسنة 2010 نافذ من تاريخ 1 فبراير 2010
Summary of the Basic Energy Conservation Requirements for different Buildings end-use in Kuwait* Type of Application for Building per end-use sector Peak load requirements for Air conditioning (w/m 2 ) Peak load requirements for Internal lighting (w/m 2 ) Air Cooled Units Water Cooled units Residential Single residence Multiple family residence 65 65 45 45 15 Commercial Offices Shops i. With no electrical equipment ii. With electrical equipment iii. Shopping centers iv. Supermarkets with basement 75 90 90 + heat gen. 80 80 50 60 60+heat gen. 56 56 30 60 60 60 Institutional Massjeds (mosques) School classrooms Theaters & community halls 120 100 145 80 65 100 30 30 30 Special installations Industrial sheds, warehouses, factories, workshops etc. Minimum EC requirements with no peak load (w/m 2 ) criterion is applied. *KISR report (1986 & 2010)
One of Kuwait s primary challenges is to develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait peak power demand is forecasted to exceed capacity Overview Program Framework Solution Areas Grand Challenge Energy Efficient Technologies (EET) Innovative and Renewable Energy (IRE) Reduce demand Supply optimisation and diversification Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait Strategy Workshop.ppt
KISRs EET Program s Logic, Current & Future Energy efficient design and construction new buildings Incorporation of sustainable features new buildings Incorporation of sustainable features district-level Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort Control & operation of systems (new and existing buildings) The built environment Industry Energy Efficient Technologies Reduce demand for primary energy and electricity Energy Performance of Existing Buildings Industrial Energy Efficiency Technologies Energy Efficiency Enhancement in Power Stations Power generation
2010 Road Map for the EET Program 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 EET 2 EET 4 Energy Efficient Design & Construction New Buildings EET 3 EET 1 EET 2 EET 5 EET 5 Indoor Air Quality & Thermal Comfort EET 3 EET 2 Smart Operation Strategies (new and existing buildings) Energy Performance of Existing Buildings EET 1 Develop and Update Building energy code and design guidelines EET 2 Guidelines for Verification of Building Energy Code Compliance and Energy Labelling EET 3 Assess IAQ&Th comfort levels and IAQ&Th comfort code EET 4 Development of smart operation strategies for building systems (new and existing buildings) EET 5 Energy performance of existing buildings 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 EET 6 Industrial Energy Technologies EET 6 Energy efficiency assessment of petroleum refinery EET 7 Future area defined by output of EET 7 EET 7 Assessment of power and energy saving potential in industries EET 9 EET 8 Future area defined by output of EET 9 Power Generation EET 8 Energy efficiency assessment of cement production EET 9 Energy efficiency enhancement in power stations
Projects List for EET Program, Selected: Project 2: Development of procedures for verification of building energy code compliance Objective To develop procedures for verification of building energy code compliance and certification/energy labeling of new and existing buildings Customer Resourcing MEW, NHA R=50% Timing 1 year, starting 2011
Project 5: Energy Performance of Existing Buildings Objective Customer Resourcing To identify and evaluate cost effective-energy efficiency measures (use of reflective paints, application of solar films, and use of weather strips for windows) for existing buildings To develop guidelines for implementing cost-effective measures for enhancing the energy efficiency of buildings and systems To develop guidelines for better maintenance practices for components of building and its systems for minimizing their performance degradation MEW R=50%; P=50%; T=100% Timing 10 years, starting date: 2010
EE Elements in Buildings Operational Strategy Efficient Building Envelope Efficient Building Systems (HVAC, lighting) 29
Building Envelope, Past: Window to wall ratio: 10% Materials: Architectural Features:
Window to wall ratio: 15-20% Materials: Architectural Features:
Building Envelope, Current: Window to wall ratio: 30-50% Materials: Architectural Features:
Peak-Demand Annual Energy Use
Energy Use (kw Savings (% 165,000 Impact On Annual Energy Use of Temperature Settings During Occcupied Period for a Residential Building in Kuwait 14.00% 160,000 12.00% 155,000 10.00% 150,000 145,000 140,000 135,000 130,000 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 125,000 20 21 22 23 24 25 Temperature Setting (C) 0.00% Energy Savings
Peak Demand (kw Savings (% 36 Impact On Peak Demand of Temperature Settings During Occcupied Period for a Residential Building in Kuwait 6.00% 35.5 5.00% 35 4.00% 34.5 34 33.5 3.00% 2.00% 33 1.00% 32.5 20 21 22 23 24 25 Temperature Setting (C) 0.00% Peak Demand Savings
Operating Design Measure or Savings for One Villa Savings for the Private Residential Sector in Kuwait Energy Use (kwh) Peak Demand (kw) Energy Use (Million of kwh) Peak Demand (MW) Temperature setting increase from 21oC to 24oC Use a cooling system with EER=14 instead of EER=10 Use CFLs rather than Incandescent Lighting 13,580 1.1 22,970 6.42 15,600 2.8 419 34 709 198 482 86
KFAS Supporters for EE & RE Mission Stimulate, support and invest in initiatives and human resources that contribute to the building of a strong STI system and culture and fostering an enabling environment. The initiatives include improving public understanding of science; strengthening innovation and research capacity and enhancing the enabling cultural environment; supporting the gifted and talented; translating knowledge into innovation; and encouraging private technology capabilities. Strategic Thrusts Objective 1 Advocacy of Scientific Culture Contribute to the building of a strong STI system and culture and fostering an enabling environment 2 Scientific Research Improve public understanding of science; strengthening research capacity and enhancing the enabling culture 3 Innovation in Science and Technology Supporting the gifted and talented 4 Innovation and Enterprise (Private Sector STI) Enhancing innovation; translating knowledge into innovation; and encouraging private technology capabilities
Solutions & Recommendations Political commitment for EE is a must. A clear & comprehensive energy plan and policy with targets & specified dates. Adequate & up-to-date codes, guides and standards. Issuance of electricity act that include measures to promote EE.
Solutions and Recommendations R&D, demonstration, testing and implementation of EE technologies. Small and large scale applications of EE technologies. Training and information dissemination.
Electric Utilities (MEW) Must Encourage Reduction of Peak Demand Demand & energy rates Summer vs. winter rates Time of day rates Demand Side Management (DSM) incentive for peak reduction (KD. per peak kw saved)
Building As Power Plant (BAPP)
Thank You ahajiah@kisr.edu.kw (965) 24989105 (965) 99390778 EBRC / KISR Kuwait