NAMA in the Waste Sector: Waste to Resources for Cities in Vietnam Dr. Do Tien Anh, Director Climate Change Research Center Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change, Vietnam Hanoi, 9 th June 2016
Results and Activities of NAMA Programme 1.Update of the NAMA programme status 2.Key elements of the NAMA design
Results and Activities of NAMA Programme Result Activity Status 1. National stakeholders are consulted in the preparation and design of the NAMA programme 2. A NAMA-design study is prepared, with main elements of the programme summarized on a final policy brief 3. Identification and shortlisting of, at a minimum, two locations for carrying out pilot projects in the implementation phase of the NAMA programme 1.1. Identify relevant stakeholders in Viet Nam involved in the MSW and climate change Finished 1.2. Organize a kick-off workshop in Hanoi Finished 1.3. Organize and conduct a stakeholder consultation workshop in Hanoi Finished 2.1. Elaborate the NAMA-design study Finished 2.2. Prepare a policy brief in both Vietnamese and English 2.3. Prepare to submit to the international NAMA Facility 3.1. Prepare a methodology for selecting locations and pilot projects 3.2. Conduct a survey to shortlist pilot cities and provinces 3.3. Conduct field trips, if necessary to meet with stakeholder and validate the findings of the survey Finished Not yet Not yet Not yet Not yet
Key elements of NAMA Design Part I-Context of Vietnam and background for proposing a NAMA programme for the solid waste sector II- Design elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA for cities in Vietnam Chapter 1. Introduction 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector in Viet Nam 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA 7. Institutional arrangements and Financing of the NAMA 8. Roadmap of implementation 9. List of references
Steps of the NAMA The Waste- to- Resource NAMA is formally endorsed/e nacted at national level by relevant ministries The NAMA Managemen t Board is established Provincial and city authorities are informed about the NAMA and its operational methods, other actors with a stake in the solid waste sector Cities that agree to be part of the NAMA prepare a detailed implementa tion plan City-specific plans are submitted to the NAMA Managemen t Board and will be assessed Eligible activities are communicated to the local government. The Board will: - request line ministries or VEPF to mobilize the necessary funds - appraise the capacity building requirements of the local government - deliberate on the type of support to assign Based on the funds mobilized, local government initiates the activities proposed, which would be subject to MRV procedures
Chapter 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change in Viet Nam Figure 2.1 Key mitigation documents, plans and programmes for climate change in Viet Nam.
Chapter 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change in Viet Nam (cont) Figure 2.2 Organizational structure of the State management on climate change in Vietnam.
Chapter 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change in Viet Nam (cont) Proposal Organizations Involved Time frame Waste-to-resource for cities in Viet Nam IMHEN; UNESCAP 2013-2014 Support wind power development in Viet Nam Wind power development fund for Viet Nam Support bioenergy development in Viet Nam Research and application of electric cars and hybrid electric vehicles in Viet Nam Energy efficiency in commercial buildings IMHEN; DMHCC; UNEP Risoe 2013-2014 MOIT; GIZ 2013 Climate change and Sustainable Development Center; DMHCC; UNEP Risoe IMHEN; Mai Linh Corporation 2013-2014 2013-2014 DMHCC; UNEP 2014 Table 2.1 Progress in developing NAMA proposals in Viet Nam as of June 2014.
Chapter 2. Analysis of the policy and institutional framework on climate change in Viet Nam (cont) 1. Lack of guidelines and regulations Barriers and challenges 2. Insufficient policy, regulatory and market incentives 3. Complex, unclear, overlapping Institutional arrangements 4. Limited availability of funds 5. Lack of capacity, know-how and expertise
Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector Figure 3. 1 Historical trend of MSW generated per day in 2007-2010 (Source: MONRE (2011), National Environmental Report: Solid Waste, p.16)
Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector (cont) Figure 3. 2 Reducing, Reusing and Recycling Waste (Source: MONRE, 2011)
Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector (cont) 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1994 2000 2005 2010 6C CO2 emission from waste incineration 6B N2O emission from human sewage 6B2 CH4 emission from domestic wastewater 6B1 CH4 emission from industrial wastewater 6A CH4 emission from solid waste disposal sites Figure 3. 2 GHG emissions from waste sector in 1994, 2000, 2005 and 2010 (Source: INC, (2000) SNC (2003); NIR 2005 (2014); NIR 2010 (2014))*
Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector (cont) 2009 2012 Dec 2012 National Strategy for Integrated Management of Solid Waste up to 2025, vision towards 2050 sets the vision that by 2050 that all kinds of solid wastes will be collected, reused, recycled and treated completely by advanced technologies which are environmentally friendly, suitable to each locality and limiting the landfilling waste to the minimal level. National Strategy for Climate Change: by 2020 90% of the total volume of urban domestic solid wastes should be collected and treated, of which 85% is to be recycled and reused. Plan "Management of greenhouse gas emissions; management of the activities of trading carbon credits to the international market by 2020 reducing GHG emissions by 5% in the waste sector
Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector (cont) MOIT MONRE MOC MOH MARD Industrial Waste Municipal Medical Waste Agricultural Waste Waste Hazardous waste Non- Hazardous waste Hazardous waste Non- Hazardous waste Rural and Agriculture waste Waste from craft villages Figure 3.3 Solid waste management arrangements in Viet Nam (MONRE, 2011). Dashed lines indicate an indirect relationship among entities or sectors.
Level Policy Chapter 3. Analysis of the solid waste management sector (cont) Institutional Economic & Financial Social and behavioural Technical, operational, managerial, etc. Barriers to integrated MSW management in Viet Nam - No legal documents enforcing 3R implementation - Few guidelines or policies on waste separation at source - Lack of specific fiscal and economic incentives to stimulate environmentally-sound technologies for MSW Duplication of responsibilities at central level, i.e. between MONRE & MOC, and at local levels. - Income from collection fees may suffice to cover the operational costs of waste management but not enough to cover investment requirements - Local banks do not have the capital and the technical know-how to finance waste processing facilities communities are typically unaware of the need for their engagement in sustainable waste management practices (E.g. by reducing the generation of waste, and participating in waste segregation practices) Low-level of capacities among a wide range of stakeholders in the development and implementation of waste-to-resource initiatives
Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam Figure 4.1 Waste management hierarchy.
Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam (cont) Generation and waste segregation Treatment at source (e.g. homecomposting) Source Collection and transportation Optimization of collection/transportation routes Establishment of waste transfer stations Biological/chemical technologies: anaerobic digestion; composting; fermentation techniques; Physical processes (e.g. refusedderived fuel; densification/ pelletization) Incineration and other thermal combustion technologies. Intermediate or final treatment Figure 4.2 Options for waste diversion.
Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam (cont) Indicator Composting Anaerobic Digestion Refuse-Derived Fuel Material Recovering and Recycling Desirable context for the application of the technology/ measure High fraction of the biodegradable component of waste Relative proximity to demand centers for (organic) fertilizers Favorable climate conditions High fraction of the biodegradable component of waste Proximity to demand sources for the biogas generated Favorable climate conditions Proximity to demand sources for the RDF generated, such as cement factories, brick kilns, etc. Significant portion of waste is composed of recyclables Desired Waste Composition Waste rich in biodegradable organic matter. Waste rich in biodegradable organic matter Waste should be classified. Source segregation program can improve the quality of the product Waste streams rich in recyclable materials, such as plastic, aluminum, glass, etc. Quality of waste requirements Medium (low heavy metal) quality required Source separated waste would be highly desired Medium (low heavy metal) quality required Source separated waste is a key success factor Low quality (no dioxin emitting waste) PVC with chlorine should be controlled to avoid emission of highly toxic gases (dioxin and furan). Some level of separation of waste is necessary, otherwise the quality of recyclables may be too low to ensure resource recovery. Moisture content Medium Medium Preferably low, N/A requirements Calorific value of the waste requirements N/A N/A Preference for waste streams with components high in calorific value, such as plastic residues, rags, etc. N/A (Recycling and material recovery is not a waste-toenergy process)
Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam (cont) Indicator Composting Anaerobic Digestion Refuse-Derived Fuel Investment and operational costs $100 $30,000/ton $350 $500 per m3 of digester size) $75,000 $100,000/ton of design capacity Material Recovering and Recycling Dependent on the material to be recycled Operational requirements Barriers to the marketing of outputs Capacity of the Project/Facility Emission reduction potential (tco 2 e/ton waste) No need for specific training in small-scale settings, such as home composting Trained manpower required in medium to large-scale plants Low-price of compost in Vietnam (~30 USD/ton), which is a challenge to the financial sustainability of composting Trained and qualified manpower required in medium to large-scale plants On a wet digestion process, may be necessary to recirculate water Difficulties in selling the biogas or the electricity produced from it in the absence of support schemes, such as feed-in tariffs Trained manpower required May be challenging to sell the final product without a demand for it in the proximity, such as cement factories or brick kilns Government support may be required to ensure adequate levels of return of the facilities Trained manpower may be required for material recycling facilities, depending on the complexity of the process and the material recycled. Depending on the product, market price of the recyclables may significantly fluctuate throughout a given year Household to large scale Household to large scale Medium to large scale Small to large scale One ton of organic waste may reduce 0.5 ton of CO 2 Data not available One ton of waste may avoid 0.54 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent from being emitted in landfill gas. Data not available
Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam (cont) 1 2 3 Cost and Liability Processing Resources Compost Biogas Waste IRRC 90% Recyclables RDF Organic Waste Inorganic Waste Used Cooking Oil Others 10% Residues Biodiesel CERs An Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC) is a facility where a significant portion (80-90%) of waste can be processed in a cost effective way, in proximity to the source of generation, and in a decentralized manner. The IRRC concept is based on 3R principles.
Chapter 4. Analysis of appropriate technologies for the solid waste sector of Viet Nam (cont) Figure 4.3 Options for processing waste through the IRRC model
Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme Overarching goal To support Viet Nam in reducing GHG emissions from the solid waste sector through the implementation of waste management practices that are in line with the principles of 3R and the recovery of resources from waste, while at the same time contributing to sustainable development goals in Viet Nam. Scope - Any city in Viet Nam is eligible to be part of the NAMA programme. - Elements: domestic (unilateral), internationally supported NAMAs & credited NAMA Eligible Measures - Reduction of solid waste generated and implementation of waste segregation practices, preferably at source; - Diversion of waste streams from final disposal sites, with diverted waste being treated applying the following approaches:
Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme (cont) Indicator Indicator Activities Outputs Outcomes Impacts Promotion of waste separation at sources Establishme nt of waste separation centers/comp anies Waste treatmentand recycling Market creation Waste collection Waste separation Electricity generation RDF production Material recycling GHG reduction Sustainable development benefits NAMA boundary Domestic mitigation registry UNFCCC registry Reporting to donors Figure 5.1 Boundary and scale of the Waste-to-Resource NAMA
Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme (cont) Approach top-down - Establishment of a NAMA Management Board & financial mechanism at national level ; - Expertise on GHG emission inventories Cities and provinces voluntarily take part in the NAMA bottom-up
Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme (cont) Barriers 1. Implementing national plans, strategies and targets for 3R 2. Institutional arrangements Measures to address Barriers Cities and provinces will be encouraged to voluntarily propose their own 3R targets based on the National Strategy for IMSW up to 2025 and Vision towards 2050. Establishment of a NAMA Management Board which will be vested with supervisory and operational responsibilities of the NAMA 3. Market creation City and province level: payment of tipping fees to waste treatment plant operators, allocation of land free /low cost, a programme to purchase compost at above-market prices, etc.; 4. Capacity building and MRV National level: tax rebates or tax holidays on equipment, standards and regulation on compost, set-up of a FOT scheme for biogas generated from AD of MSW, etc. International level: support for expensive measures through: e.g. ODA, a crediting mechanism (CDM or NMM), or GCF. The NAMA/MRV system is expected to be set up with the support of international climate finance.
Chapter 5. Elements of the waste-to-resource NAMA and boundaries of the programme (cont) a cleaner and healthier environment through the adoption of improved waste collection and treatment methods support Viet Nam in achieving several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Expected Benefits create business opportunities along the waste management value chain contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of communities
Chapter 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA Mitigation options Methods to estimate the GHG emissions (i) Composting - ASM.III.F (Avoidance of methane emissions through composting) developed by UNFCCC (ii) RDF - Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Emissions from Waste Incineration (IPCC) - AM0025/Version 5: Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes (iii) Recycling - AMS-III.AJ - Small-scale Methodology: Recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes (Version 4.0) developed by UNFCCC (iv) Anaerobic - AM0075: Methodology for collection, processing and digestion supply of biogas to end-users for production of heat (version 1.0) - AMS-I.C: Thermal energy production with or without electricity (version 19)
Chapter 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA (cont) Assumptions NAMA scenario (2030) waste generated : 60% is treated through composting, 20% is recycled, 10% is processed through anaerobic digestion, 10% is recovered for the production of refusederived fuel Baseline scenario (2010-2030) currently practiced methods of disposing and not treating of waste continue unchanged, waste generation rates increasing annually by 10%, waste composition remaining the same
CO2eq (million tons) Chapter 6. Baseline and GHG emission reduction scenarios of the NAMA (cont) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Year PE y ER comp,y ER paper recycling,y ER RDF,y ER AD,y Figure 6.1 Total emission reductions (expressed in million ton of CO 2 eq) from the Waste-to-Resource NAMA. Legend: PE: project emissions, ER: Emission Reductions; comp: composting; RDF: refuse-derived fuel; AD: anaerobic digestion.
Chapter 7. Institutional arrangements and Financing of the NAMA NAMA Facility Green Climate Fund Development Banks Other international donors MoNRE MoC MARD MoIT Institutional arrangements VEPF IMHEN VEA DMHCC DSTE National Level Provincial Governments Sub-national Level Municipal Governments URENCOs Project Developers Figure 7.1 Proposed organizational structure of the Waste-to-Resource NAMA
Chapter 7. Institutional arrangements and Financing of the NAMA (cont) Financing An average minimum investment of 110 million USD (2.4 trillion VND) per year, until 2030, in solid waste treatment facilities (excludes costs associated with establishing the institutional arrangements, capacity building initiatives, and other diverse supporting activities) 80% of these investment requirements be met by domestic sources of financing, both public and private, 20% (approx. 22 million USD per year, or 485 billion VND): international climate financing. E.g. Green Climate Fund, ODA, market-based schemes, and/or pay-for-performance programmes. Vietnam Environmental Protection Fund (VEPF) would be established as the national-level financial entity: gathering funds from both national and international sources disbursing them to cities, provinces and other eligible entities
Chapter 8. Roadmap of implementation 1 2 3 NAMA Design Piloting and testing NAMA up-scaling Formalize approval of the NAMA (Oct. 2013 - Dec. 2014) 1. - Elaboration of a detailed study on the NAMA 2. Conduct national kickoff workshop 3. Final stakeholders consultation and national endorsement of the NAMA (Jan. 2015 - Dec. 2015) 1. setting-up of the institutional framework of the NAMA; 2. capacity building of stakeholders; 3. piloting of the key elements of the programme. (Jan. 2016 - Dec. 2020) 1. full-implementation of the programme, nation-wide 2. could be initiated at the earliest after 1.5 years of preparation and demonstration experience.
Chapter 8. Roadmap of implementation (cont) Activity Proposed timeframe Budgetary requirements * Activity Proposed timeframe Budgetary requirements * 1. Preparation of Terms of Reference 3 months N/A 1. Capacity building of VEPF staff 9 months *** Up to 50,000 USD 2. Mobilization of funds for fulfilling ToRs 2 months N/A 2. Capacity building of other stakeholders 3. Curricula for capacity building sessions 1 year *** 1.5 years Up to 100,000 USD Up to 100,000 USD 3. Staffing 3 months N/A 4. Setting-up of training/ competence center 1 year Up to 100,000 USD 4. Enactment and operation Rolling basis 5,000 USD per month ** 5. Training of subnational stakeholders 6 months Up to 100,000 USD Table 8.1 Activities for establishing the institutional arrangements of the NAMA in Phase II. Table 8.2 Activities for capacity building initiatives as part of Phase II of the NAMA.
Chapter 8. Roadmap of implementation (cont) Specific elements of the programme would need to be demonstrated and operationalized Two cities would be selected to pilot the programme (where a waste-to-resource facility is already in operation, e.g. how the MRV system could work in practice). Technical and financial assistance from international donor organizations are expected although domestic sources would also be mobilized the programme could be up-scaled nation-wide, expected, at the earliest, in the first quarter of 2018.
Thank you! Contact information: Dr. Do Tien Anh Acting Director Climate Change Research Center Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Change Email: atdo@mail.usf.edu Joao Aleluia Project Coordinator Environment and Development Division United Nations Economic and Social for Asia and the Pacific (UN- ESCAP) Email: aleluia@un.org