Central Heating Plants EU 311 Jay Becker, P.E. KEY POINTS TAKE AWAYS Why Central Plants? Boilers & Fuels Water Treatment Environmental Issues Clean Air & Clean Water COURSE OVERVIEW Central vs. Individual systems Steam and hot water applications Major components of a Heating Plant Secondary Components in a Plant Operational Issues Pictures and Commentary APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 1
HISTORY CENTRAL SYSTEMS VS. INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS Heating Districts Individual Buildings INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 2
CENTRAL OR DISTRICT SYSTEM CENTRAL OR DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS Reliability Redundancy Capacity Flexibility Support of new Facilities APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 3
CRITICAL NEED Infrastructure Systems must be included in Capital Improvement Programs (Long Range Planning) CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS Heating Plants Distribution Systems HEATING SYSTEM MEDIUMS Hot Water Steam APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 4
HOT WATER SYSTEMS High Temp over 350 F (*) Medium Temp 250 to 350 F Low Temp under 250 F STEAM SYSTEMS Low Press up to 15 psig Med Press 15 to 350 psig High Press over 350 psig ADVANTAGES OF HOT WATER Pressure in supply and return lines Closed system (less water loss) Less corrosion Modulating control APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 5
DISADVANTAGES OF HOT WATER Lower heat capacity (180 Btu/lb F) Potential to freeze ADVANTAGES OF STEAM Higher heat capacity (1100Btu/lb +) Many applications; space heating, hot water, humidification, process load Potential to add Co Generation DISADVANTAGES OF STEAM Less flexible return system (slope) Condensate systems higher maintenance (traps, cond pumps, chemical treatment) 2 position control (on / off) APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 6
PRACTICAL COMMENTS Central systems mostly steam Building systems mostly hot water Specialized staff with central systems Central plants require bigger loads ADDED VALUE WITH CENTRAL PLANTS Multiple Central Systems Chillers and Chilled water lines Air Compressors with air lines Electrical supply and distribution generation, co-generation Electrical distribution, regular & backup Central controls and monitoring Security Systems MAJOR COMPONENTS IN THE HEATING PLANT Boilers Fuel Handling Systems Fuel Procurement Water Treatment Systems APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 7
SECONDARY SYSTEMS Environmental Compliance Spill Control Air Pollution Controls Ash Handling BOILERS PACKAGED GAS BOILER APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 8
CENTRAL PLANT BOILERS BOILER TYPES Fire Tube Water Tube FIRE TUBE BOILER APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 9
WATER TUBE BOILER BOILER FUELS Natural Gas Oil (#2, #6) Coal (stoker, pulverized) Wood (chips, pellets, hog fuel) Waste Other HOT WATER BOILERS Low Pressure Medium Pressure up to 55 psig 55 to 350 psig up to 250 F 250 to 430 F Fire Tube Fire Tube Water Tube Water Tube Natural Gas Natural Gas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 10
STEAM BOILERS Low Pressure Med Pressure 0 to 15 psig 15 to 350 psig Fire Tube Fire Tube/Water Tube Natural Gas Natural Gas Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Coal Wood Waste / Other STEAM BOILERS High Pressure > 350 psig Water Tube Natural Gas Fuel Oil Coal Wood Waste / Other BOILER UNITS lbs/hr or PPH HP BTU, MBTU, MMBTU Therm GPM APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 11
BOILER INTERNALS GAS / OIL BOILER INTERNALS COAL BOILERS AND OPERATION Operator Certification Automatic Boilers Power Boilers APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 12
FUEL HANDLING SYSTEMS NATURAL GAS Gas Regulator Station Metering Gas pipe Protection of elements Ease of access OIL Heavy or Light Oil Oil Tanks Distribution Piping Metering and Measurement Environmental Protection APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 13
COAL, WOOD, WASTE, OTHER Location of Pile(s) On Site and in Plant Storage Handling Equipment Transport and Feed Systems Metering Bin (weigh) FUEL PROCUREMENT Commodity and Transportation Natural Gas (regulated & deregulated) Oil, Coal, Wood, Waste, Other Energy Brokers Annual and Seasonal contracts Spot Market WATER TREATMENT APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 14
WATER TREATMENT GOALS Scale Prevention Corrosion Prevention in Boiler (tubes) Corrosion Prevention in System (pipes) WATER TREATMENT DIAGRAM Make-up Water Primary Pretreatment Secondary Pretreatment Condensate Steam Header Boiler Deaerator Feedwater Blowdown Chemical Feed Systems SIMPLE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM Gas Boiler with Water Softener APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 15
PRIMARY WATER TREATMENT Charcoal Filters Hot Lime Reverse Osmosis SECONDARY WATER TREATMENT Water Softener (Zeolite) DEARATION Reducing oxygen level APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 16
CORROSION PROTECTION PH control in steam & condensate RESULTS OF GOOD WATER TREATMENT Reduced blow down Reduced scale Reduced solids (TDS) SCALE APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 17
OXYGEN PITTING UTILITY BUDGET / ENERGY COST Chemicals 1% Misc. 4% Water 5% Lighting (Electricity) 30% Cooling and Heating (Electricity and Fuel) 60% AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 18
AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS -REGULATIONS Title V - Clean Air Act (EPA) Air Operating Permit Records and Reporting Performance Tests Opacity AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS EQUIPMENT CYCLONE SEPARATORS APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 19
MULTI-CLONES ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS BAG HOUSES APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 20
SCRUBBERS ASH HANDLING Hoppers and conveyance Environmental Compliance Economics OPERATIONAL ISSUES Ongoing Maintenance Standard Procedures Log Books (documentation) Training, Training, Training Safety Lock out Tag out Confined Space PPE Security APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 21
OPERATIONAL READINESS 24 / 7 / 365 Emergency Preparedness Curtailment Plans TOUR WITH PICTURES COAL PILE APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 22
STOKER COAL COAL STOKER OPEN COAL STOKER APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 23
GAS / OIL BOILER GAS BOILER OIL TANK APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 24
WOOD FUEL PILE WOOD CHIPS HOG FUEL APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 25
TRUCK TIPPER POWER PLANT WITH BAG HOUSE ASH HANDLING APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 26
EMERGENCY GENERATOR 1966 GAS / OIL BOILER 1966 BOILER CONTROLS APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 27
2006 GAS BOILER 2006 BOILER CONTROLS 2006 BOILER CONTROL PPANEL APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 28
CONTROL PANEL CONTROL STATION DIGITAL CONTROL SCREEN APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 29
QUESTION & ANSWER Jay Becker, PE Facilities Services University of Puget Sound jwbecker@ups.edu APPA Institute, Portland, Jan 2018 30