Workshop on needs and opportunities for collaboration on urban energy systems planning 29 October 2014 IEA CITIES AND ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY Masaru SUGAHARA Senior Policy Analyst, Regional Policies for Sustainable Development Division, Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate, OECD masaru.sugahara@oecd.org
Urban Development at the OECD OECD Programme of Work on Urban Development Reviews of urban policy and governance Reviews of cities and metropolitan regions National level urban policy reviews Comparative and thematic reports Statistics on urban and metropolitan regions Metropolitan database Regional database Well-being database International events The OECD Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers, etc 2
Urban Development at the OECD National-level Urban Policy Reviews Evaluate the role of central government in urban policies and provides recommendations to assist policymakers in achieving their policy objectives. Reviews of cities and metropolitan regions Reviews of cities and metropolitan regions are conducted in collaboration with local governments (cities, regions and other sub-national levels of government) and central governments. 3
Urban Development at the OECD Thematic reports on urban policy and governance Green Growth in Cities (2013) Urban Trends and Policies in OECD Countries (2012) Compact City Policies (2012) Cities and Climate Change (2010) Cities, Climate Change and Multi-level Governance (2009) Competitive Cities in the Global Economy (2006) 4
Urban Development at the OECD The OECD Territorial Development Policy Committee With representatives from 34 member countries, non-member countries and other organizations and networks the Committee is a leading international forum for discussion and exchange of experience in the field of regional policy. OECD Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers Unique forum to address issues in urban areas with its organization of the Roundtable of Mayors and Ministers the only global platform covering high level representatives from both national and local governments. Marseille (2013) Better cities for better lives: Bridging national and local policies to deliver growth and well being. Chicago (2012) Mobilizing investments for urban sustainability, job creation and resilient growth Paris (2010) Cities and green growth Milan (2008) Cities and climate change Madrid (2007) Cities in the global economy 5
Regional Statistics and Indicators Spatial unit and urban activities Urban and non-urban population density: Paris and Rome FUA (Functional Urban Area) Economic unit characterised by densely inhabited urban cores and hinterlands whose labour market is highly integrated with the cores. Population Small urban areas 50,000-200,000 Medium-sized urban areas 200,000-500,000 Metropolitan areas 500,000-1.5 million Large metropolitan areas 1.5 million - Redefining urban : A new way to measure metropolitan areas (OECD, 2012)
Regional Statistics and Indicators OECD Metropolitan database http://measuringurban.oecd.org/ Population Area GDP Environment Labour market Innovation Urban form Territorial organization Indicators in OECD Metropolitan database (examples) Population, Population growth, Population density Total land area, Urbanized area, Urbanized area growth GDP, GDP growth, GDP per capita CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions per capita, Air pollution Employment, Unemployment, Labour force PCT patent applications, Patent intensity Polycentricity, Sprawl index Local governments, Territorial fragmentation
Regional Statistics and Indicators OECD Regional database http://stats.oecd.org/oecdregionalstatistics/#story=0 8
Regional Statistics and Indicators OECD Regional Well-Being database http://www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org/ 9
Cities and Energy Sustainability OECD Green Growth Studies Compact City Policies Propose compact city strategies and ideas for achieving better outcomes and highlights governance challenges for implementing practical strategies. The contribution of the compact city to urban sustainability 3. More district-wide energy utilisation and local energy generation Less energy consumption per capita, fewer CO2 emissions Development of green jobs/technologies More energy independence Indicators related to compactness Indicators related to the impact of compact city policies Dense and proximate development patterns Urban areas linked by public transport systems Accessibility to local services and jobs Environmental Social Economic 1. Population and urban land growth 2. Population density on urban land 3. Retrofitting existing urban land 4. Intensive use of buildings 5. Housing form 6. Trip distance 7. Urban land cover 8. Trips using public transport 9. Proximity to public transport 10. Matching jobs and homes 11. Matching local services and homes 12. Proximity to local services 13. Trips on foot and by bicycle 14. Public space and green areas 15. Transport energy use 16. Residential energy use 17. Affordability 18. Public service
Cities and Energy Sustainability Current study framework Objectives Make cities more resilient, and contribute to inclusive and sustainable growth thorough urban energy policy. Make cities more energy-efficient and energy self-sufficient by reducing energy consumption, and increasing energy production and storage within cities. Key Questions Why urban energy matters? How inclusive growth and resilience can be achieved through enhancing urban energy sustainability? What are the effective urban strategies for enhancing energy sustainability? How can energy sustainability of the cities be measured? Components of the study Analytical framework study Case study Policy recommendations Timeline 2014: Background paper draft including urban energy trends 2015: Report draft including policy recommendations, and Workshop (tbc)
Outline of contents (Draft) 1. WHY URBAN ENERGY MATTERS? Resilience of cities Response to the environmental issues Economic aspects of urban energy 2. WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN URBAN ENERGY? Energy trends of cities Characteristics of the cities and energy Tools for urban energy efficiency and energy self-sufficiency 3. POLICY PRACTICES (Case studies) Energy trends in the city, Characteristics of energy consumption and production of the city, Challenges and opportunities of urban energy, Urban energy policy practices, and Governance and organizations, etc 4. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Effective strategies to enhance energy sustainability of cities (e.g. Effective for different levels of spatial units, Governance, the way to measure energy sustainability of cities) 12
WHY URBAN ENERGY MATTERS? Urban areas have large impacts 80.0% Population and GDP in the metropolitan areas 70.0% 68.8% 69.4% 60.0% 50.0% 48.2% 54.1% 52.7% 57.4% 44.4% 40.0% 36.2% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% OECD ASIA North America Europe 275 46 112 114 number of metropolitan areas Population Metropolitan areas: metro areas with a population of 500,000 or more GDP
WHY URBAN ENERGY MATTERS? Cities will consume more energy Mtoe 14,000 Estimated energy demand in cities Cities as a % of world 75% 12,000 73% 12,374 70% 69% 10,000 67% 9,785 Energy demand 65% 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000-7,908 Energy demand 3,198 49% Urban population (million) Energy demand 54% 3,927 Urban population (million) 4,984 2006 (Population: 2005) 2015 2030 60% Urban population (million) Source: Energy data from IEA (2008), Population data from UN population database (2011) Note: Calculated by the data including US, EU, Australia, New Zealand, China, Tokyo and Moscow 60% 55% 50% 45%
WHY URBAN ENERGY MATTERS? Resilience of urban energy Great East Japan Earthquakes One of the urban block in Tokyo provided electricity to the electric power company. Wide area power failure by Great East Japan Earthquakes; March 11, 2011 Power failure ratio by prefecture
WHY URBAN ENERGY MATTERS? Response to the environmental issues Apparent southward shift of European cities due to climate change (2070-2100) Source: OECD (2010), Cities and Climate Change
WHY URBAN ENERGY MATTERS? Economic aspects of urban energy 130.0 OECD - Indices of real energy prices for end-users, 2000-2013 (base year 2010) 120.0 110.0 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 OECD OECD Europe USA Japan 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 Source: Data from IEA (2014), Energy prices and taxes quarterly statistics first quarter 2014
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED? Characteristics of the cities and energy CO2 emissions from ground transportation in large metropolises
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED? Energy trends of cities Energy data at city level (examples) Tokyo (Japan) (2010) Güssing (Austria) (2010) Population 13,161,751 4,337 Energy consumption (TJ) 723,500 397 Energy consumption per capita (GJ/capita) 55.0 91.5 Energy production (TJ) 4,964 282 Energy production per capita (GJ/capita) 0.4 65.0 Energy self-sufficiency 0.7% 71.0% Source: Own calculation based on the documents of Tokyo metropolitan government and Güssing 19
WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED? Tools for urban energy efficiency and energy self-sufficiency Factors to be considered for sustainability of urban energy (examples) Innovation Energy consumption, conservation Energy production Energy storage Energy management Characteristics of the cities Natural environment Urban density Size of the cities Industrial structure Energy consumption structure Energy supply and production structure Spatial units Regions FUA Cities Districts 20
Collaboration between IEA and OECD (ideas) Inputs and exchange of information How can energy consumption and energy production at city level be measured? e.g. by sectors, by fuel types and units of measurement How can development and innovation of increasing energy efficiency of the cites be encouraged? How can public sector and private sector including energy producers collaborate for enhancing sustainability of urban energy? Knowledge sharing and networking etc Collaboration in the events including workshops Sharing best practices 21
THANK YOU Further contact: Masaru.SUGAHARA@oecd.org