ISWA International Conference on Solid Waste Management 2017 Waste to Energy in Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rüdiger Siechau CEO Stadtreinigung Hamburg and National Member Representative of ISWA Board Buenos Aires, 27 th of April 2017
Table of Contents Waste to energy Waste management in Europe Waste management in Germany Waste to energy in Hamburg Outlook 2
Waste to energy Framework of waste management: Guarantee of safe disposal Climate and resource protection Stable fees / stable costs High technical standard Customers in focus, looking for the best way of waste treatment (plants) Types of plants: landfills / dumpsites, sorting plants, recycling plants, biological plants with biogas and compost production, incineration plant with WTE, others Choice, benefits. 3
Waste to energy Treatment: hotor cold, recycling (thermal or substantial) back to the basics of waste treatment Incineration plant with high technical standards, flue gas treatment, Benefits: Preventing extension of landfills decrease of greenhouse gas methane, less micro plastics, Alternative for fossil fuels secondary raw materials (By-)products for further usage road construction, recovery of minerals and metals, HCl-acid, Almost climate neutral saving of CO 2 emissions Possibility of local energy production enter electricity and heat into city grids 4
Waste management in Europe Wastetreatmentin EU withinthelast 20 years (exampleforoppositesanddevelopmentaswell) ~ 30% of total European MSW landfilled Long way tocircular economy Municipal waste in Mio. t 250 200 150 100 50 Thermal waste treatment plants (Eurostat, 2014): EU (28) ~ 800 Germany 68 (~ 9% oftotal) 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Deponierung Landfilling Verbrennung Incineration Recycling Kompostierung Composting Andere Others 5 Data: Eurostat
Waste management in Europe European Union (28 members) with very different standards in economical, ecological and social issues European legislation Waste framework directive High number of special directives (packaging, landfill, renewable energy, waste incineration, energy efficiency, etc.) European circular economy package (CEP) Focus on climate and resource protection 6 Picture: Eurostat
Wastemanagement in Europe International legislation European legislation National legislation German legislation Local legislation e.g. Hamburg 7
Waste management in Germany German legislation Closed Cycle Management Act 5-step waste hierarchy: 1. Prevention of waste 2. Preparing for re-use 3. Recycling 4. Other recovery, e.g. energy recovery 5. Disposal CircularEconomy Act (Kreislaufwirtschafts-G) 1. Prevention 2. Preparing for re-use 3. Recycling 4. Other recovery, e.g. energy recovery By 2015: Separate collection (biowaste, metals, plastics, paper, glass) By 2020: Quotas for recycling (e.g. 65 % recycling of MSW) Various ordinances (landfilling, biowaste, batteries, packaging etc.) 5. Disposal Federal Immission Control Act (Permissions / approval for construction and operation of waste treatment plants necessary) 8
Waste management in Germany Development of waste resource management: From landfilling to high-level resource management First waste management act ~ 50,000 landfills Packaging Ordinance Closed cycle and waste management Act Closed cycle management Act X New EU-package Impact on German waste management? 1950er 1972 1991 1996 2005 2012 2016 ff
Waste management in Germany Total amount of waste in Germany (in Mio. t/a) (classified into 4 groups, based on it s origin) Source: Statistisches Bundesamt 10
Waste management in Germany Typical analysis of residual waste bin (Hamburg) Calorific value: 8.5 10.0 MJ/kg Content of water: 30% / Content of ash: 28% Metals 1,9% Others / Residuals 18,4% Organics 33,0% Paper 16,5% Glass 8,6% Plastics 8,9% Organics not compostable 7,5% Compounds 5,2% 11
Waste management in Germany Comparison of calorific values (= usable energy content duringincineration) of different energy sources(in MJ/kg) Waste burns independently if Watercontentis < 50 % Ash contentis < 60 % Content of materialsthatburnis > 25 % Calorific value is > ~ 3.900 kj/kg 38 43 Calorific value in MJ/kg 10 12 20 15 18 4 20 Household waste Commercial waste RDF Wood (dry) Wood (pellets) Kitchen waste Natrual gas Brown coal (briquets) Heating oil 12 RDF: refuse derived fuels
Waste management in Germany Development of capacities of main waste treatment processes in Germany (in Mio. t/a) Number of plants in 2013 68 incineration plants(mva) 61 M(B)A / MBS/ MPS 35 RDF power plants(ebs-kraftwerke) Reference: Prognos: Abfallwirtschaft im Gleichgewicht? Entwicklung von Restabfallmengen und die künftig notwendigen Behandlungskapazitäten in Deutschland (IFAT, München, 2014)
Waste management in Germany Primary energy consumption of renewable energy in Germany (in 2016) Exit: nuclear and fossil-fuel energy WM considerable contribution Incineration, fermentation, CHP, renewables Hydropower Wind energy Solar energy Geothermics Biomass Waste Electricity, heating / cooling, biogas (storable) ~ 2-3% of electricity consumption and heat demand by waste treatment Challenges for WM Reference: AGEB AG Energiebilanzen www.ag-energiebilanzen.de
Waste management in Hamburg Stadtreinigung Hamburg (SRH) Area of Hamburg: 755 km² Inhabitants: 1.8 Mio. in 915,000 households SRH: public company since 1994 (by law) Owner: Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg Duties: Cleaning services, winter services, waste collection from households (+ commercial and public customers) Financing: Fees, Refunds, Charges Turnover: ~ 350 Mio. /a ~ 2,700 employees and ~ 700 vehicles 29 company sites (including subsidiaries) Waste management for ~ 1 Mio. tons per year 15
Wastemanagement in Hamburg Current project ZRE (Zentrum für Ressourcen und Energie) Biowerk ZRE RNW ZRE: Center forresources and Energy RNW: District North-West Biowerk: Anaerobic Digestion Plant (existing) Close-down of MVA Stellinger Moor in 2015 Demolition of some parts of the plant and re-building of a new concept ZRE will be unique in Germany 16
Wastemanagement in Hamburg ZRE (Zentrum für Ressourcen und Energie) Center for Resources and Energy before after 17
Wastemanagement in Hamburg How to decide for the right waste treatment process with energy recovery? Legal conditions (e.g. approval for plant) Which types of plants already exist? Location for new plant? Pre-treatment useful / necessary? By-products? Can these be used / disposed of / avoided? From which point of view: public company, private company, PPPmodel? Which end products? Market situation (currently / future) for waste fractions, end products, by-products Which waste is treated (fractions / amount)? Waste collection (separate, political standards) Which treatment process is possible? Long-term ecological / economical benefits Economic situation of company 18
Wastemanagement in Hamburg Status of planning ZRE (5 plant units): Sorting of waste fractions, pretreatment of biowaste fraction, production of substitute fuel, thermal treatment of wood and substitute fuel Production of reusable material, compost, biogas, substitute fuel, climate neutral energy (electricity and heat) ZRE Contribution to energy transition (Hamburg) Input to city heat grid ~ 70 MW Startup operations until end of 2022 19
Wastemanagement in Hamburg Center for Resources and Energy Block Diagram
Outlook Need forcommonpolitical, industrial, technical and social standards for all member states Sharing of know-how and support Start of discussion: Quality vs. quota for recycling Research and development for improvement of waste management Industry / Waste management 4.0 Enhancement of material flows for recycling E-mobility, We need to save climate and resources 21