1 GRADE LEVEL 6-12 TIME NEEDED FOR COMPLETION 2 class periods or 1.5-2 hours STANDARDS LA GLEs and NGSS alignments are found in the Appendix starting on page A-1 MATERIALS 6 energy monitoring devices. Note: These can be obtained from a variety of sources, i.e. local hardware stores, internet -- average cost is $29.99; available from multiple vendors, such as Belkin or Amazon. Recommended: Belkin Conserve Insight Energy Use Monitor. 6 different power-using devices -- i.e. fan, laptop, microwave, refrigerator, and cell phone, computer, printer, pencil sharpener, etc. Worksheet table for each student with columns for: Device, Watts on, Cost On, Watts Off, Cost Off. A worksheet template is provided that can be used for this lesson plan. TEACHER BACKGROUND The United States is home to just 5 percent of the world s population but consumes more than 20 percent of its energy. On average, a person in the United States uses 10 times more energy than a person in China and nearly 20 times more than a person in India. U.S. energy needs are met primarily by non-renewable sources including, gas, oil, and coal. Access to seemingly, abundant and inexpensive energy contributes to our high standard of living, but burning large quantities of fossil fuels also has serious environmental and health consequences. These range from smog and acid rain to, most critically, the release of greenhouse gases leading to global climate change. The nation s school districts spend more than $7.5 billion a year on energy. Schools are the largest energy consumers in many municipalities. Up to 30 percent of that energy is used inefficiently or unnecessarily. By implementing energyconservation measures and using energy-efficient technologies, schools can significantly cut their energy use. The result is financial savings as well as a reduced environmental impact. INSTRUCTIONS 1. Find out what students know. Use a teaching strategy to dialogue with students about electricity, energy, energy saving. Have it displayed for the class to see throughout this activity. 2. Set up 6 stations with the information on the following pages. Look through each station to see what if any materials are needed, such as a computer. 3. Students will need to bring their science notebook and Measuring Electricity Activity worksheet with them to each station. 4. Some stations will just be information. They should take notes as they may need some of the information to help them answer questions.
2 STATION 1: WHERE DOES ELECTRICITY COME FROM? Power plants make electricity out of other forms of energy. Most electricity in the U.S. today comes from converting the heat energy released from burning fossil fuels--coal, natural gas and oil. The rest is generated from nuclear reactors and from renewable sources, such as sunlight, wind, falling water and geothermal heat. In a typical power plant, a primary energy source like coal is burned to create heat, which is converted in a boiler to mechanical energy in the form of superheated, high-pressure steam. The steam is directed into a turbine, where it pushes on blades attached to a central shaft or rotor. The rapidly spinning rotor powers a generator. For an excellent animation of this process, please click on this link: http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/energy/section_3/topics/where_does_electricity_come_fr om/energy_pathway_image.html STATION 2: WHAT IS A WATT? A. A metric unit of power, used in electric measurements, to give the rate at which energy is used. B. Explain that 1,000 watts = 1 kilowatt C. Show pictures of the electric devices you will be testing and have students guess how many watts they use. We burn fossil fuels to create energy. From keeping warm in our house, to fuelling our cars, to growing our food, to manufacturing our MP3 players, energy is used. It is either burned directly -- gas is burned in your boiler, for example, and gasoline is burned in your car, or it is burned in a power station to drive turbines which generate electricity. Fossil fuels are also burned at various stages in the process of creating food, products and services for our consumption. The total carbon which we as individuals are responsible for is called our carbon footprint.
3 STATION 3: BACKGROUND ON ENERGY AND SAVING ENERGY A. What is Energy? Energy comes in different forms: Heat (thermal) Light (radiant) Motion (kinetic) Electrical Chemical Nuclear energy Gravitational Energy is in everything. We use energy for everything we do, from making a jump shot to baking cookies to sending astronauts into space. There are two types of energy: Stored (potential) energy and Working (kinetic) energy. For example, the food you eat contains chemical energy, and your body stores this energy until you use it when you work or play. B. What are Sources of Energy? The chart below shows the 2012 average breakdown of U.S. Energy Consumption, by source. You will note that the bulk of the energy consumed in the U.S. comes from nonrenewable sources -- coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas.
4 Electric generation fuel mixes vary from state to state and region to region, depending upon the availability and cost of fuels located there. You can use the national average, but to really give a perspective on the differences in electricity generation state-by-state, it s a good idea to enter your state-specific data into the carbon calculator. Click on this link: http://www.eia.gov/state/ Click on your state. Scroll down under blue Quick Facts box. Choose the 4 th tab, Electricity. Make a note of the types of fuels used to generate electricity in your state and the gigawatt-hours (GWh) by fuel. Take it further and find the percentage each fuel accounts for. Compare your state s fuel mix against several other states in the US. What differences do you see? Why do you think there is so much difference state-tostate? EXAMPLE: California s Net Electricity Generation Pennsylvania s Net Electricity Generation Coal 66 GWh Coal 7137 GWh Nuclear 1645 GWh Nuclear 5800 GWh Natural Gas 8115 GWh Natural Gas 3049 GWh Hydroelectric 1417 GWh Hydroelectric 421 GWh Non-hydro, Other Renewables 3840 GWh Non-hydro, Other Renewables 614 GWh *"Non-Hydro Renewables and Other" includes generation from solar, wind, geothermal, biomass -- agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, landfill gas recovery, wood, pitch -- Hydrogen, batteries, chemicals, non-wood waste, purchased steam, sulfur, and miscellaneous technologies. Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Power Plant Report (EIA-920), Combined Heat and Power Plant Report (EIA-920), and Electric Power Monthly (2006 Preliminary).
5 STATION 4: HOW TO SAVE ENERGY A. What is the difference between energy efficiency and energy conservation? Energy efficiency refers to the amount of work you get out of a device compared to the amount of energy put into the device - the less energy a device uses to get X amount of work, the more efficient it is. Energy conservation is essentially, not using energy: turning off your computer and monitor when not working with it saves energy, for example. Of course, building devices that do the same work with less energy, i.e. more efficiently, saves energy. So, in that way, the two concepts are related. B. Ways to conserve energy: When your cell phone is done charging unplug the charger from the wall Change to Compact Florescent Light bulbs (CFLs) Use products with Energy Star labels Turn off lights, fans, and electronics when you re not in the room Don t leave water running when you re not using it C. What other ideas do you have to conserve energy? STATION 5: KILL A WATT DEVICE A. What is this device used for? It is used to act as a meter going between the item that draws the power and the power source. B. How to use the Kill A Watt Plug the meter in to the wall socket Insert the plug for the electric device you want to test and turn the electric device on. Choose the button for the data you want to collect, CO2, cost, or kwh. Repeat this process For a great video on the recommended, Belkin s Conserve Insight Energy Use Monitor, visit http://youtu.be/hsxsthq52oc or http://youtu.be/ltelybggboo
6 STATION 6: CALCULATING ENERGY USAGE AND COSTS A. Converting Watts to Kilowatts and cost per year Electricity is measured in kilowatt-hours (kwh) 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts kwh = kilowatts x hours the appliance is on To get kilowatt-hours, take the wattage of the device, multiply by the number of hours you use it, and divide by 1000. (Dividing by 1000 changes it from watt-hours to kilowatt-hours.) B. Electricity Cost The cost of electricity depends on where you live, how much you use, and possibly when you use it. Convert each devices watt reading to kilowatts and cost per year and record the results in your table. The electric company measures how much electricity you use in kilowatt-hours (kwh). Your bill might have multiple charges per kwh and you have to add them all up to get the total cost per kwh. Electricity rates vary widely. Prices are usually highest for residential and commercial consumers because it costs more to distribute electricity to them. Industrial consumers also use more and can take their electricity at higher voltages so it does not need to be stepped down. These factors make the price of power to industrial customers closer to the wholesale price of electricity. The cost to generate electricity actually changes minute-by-minute. However, most consumers pay rates based on the seasonal cost of electricity. Changes in prices generally reflect variations in electricity demand, availability of different generation sources, fuel costs, and plant availability. Prices are usually highest in the summer because more expensive generation is added to meet the higher demand. The average retail price of electricity in the United States in May 2014 was 10.21 cents per kilowatt-hour (kwh). The average prices by type of utility customer were: - Residential: 12.8 per kwh - Transportation: 9.9 per kwh - Commercial: 10.5 per kwh - Industrial: 6.8 per kwh Schools would fall under the commercial pricing. C. Graphing After you have converted to cost per year make a bar graph of the data, with device on the x axis and cost on the y axis. For each device make sure you plot the cost per year with the device turned on and the cost per year with the device turned off. Ask what conclusions can be made from the bar plot.
7 ACTIVITY WORKSHEET Name: Date: 1. Do you think that electrical devices -- computers, Xbox, Wii, printers, cell phone chargers, etc. use electricity and cost money when they are turned off? Why? 2. Use the energy meter device to take the watt reading when the device in turned on and when the device is turned off and record it in the Measuring Electricity Table. Use a calculator to determine the cost per year when the device is turned on and when the device is turned off. MEASURING ELECTRICITY TABLE Device Watts Turned On Watts Turned Off Hours Used Per Day Hours Used Per Year kwh Used Per Year (number) Cost per Year Turned On = kwh Annual Cost Cost per Year Turned Off = kwh Annual Cost Projector or SMART Board Pencil Sharpener Laptop or Tablet Personal Microwave, Refrigerator, Phone Digital Cameras
8 3. Use the data from your table to make a double bar graph. See Figure 1 for an example of how to make a double bar graph. Figure 1 Cost Per Year $70 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 Refrigerator Fan Laptop Device On Off 4. What conclusions can you make from your double bar graph? Is it important to unplug devices when you are not using them?