Water Management in Phuket Water Management in Phuket
Introduction to Phuket Phuket is the most famous province in the Southern Thailand. It lies off the west coast of the Southern Thailand to the Andaman Sea. Its economy has been steadily expanding from the past until now. It formerly derived its wealth from tin mining. Now the tourism industry is the largest source of income in Phuket. Phuket
Water Management in Phuket Many water-related issues, such as flooding and shortage of water. potential negative impacts to its future economic development. Many large-scale water resource projects were already conducted: Bang Ward reservoir project (constructed in 1984) Bang Neaw Dam reservoir project (constructed in 2006) Klong Katha reservoir project (constructed in 2017) Still in short of water supply for the Phuket local population for ever-increasing inbound tourists.
Geography and Climate in Phuket Geography - The Phuket Province: the Phuket island, the largest island in Thailand, and 23 smaller islands - 543km 2-77% covered with mountains from north to south - 23% are plains lying in the central and eastern parts - Beaches in the east coast are more often muddy, while beaches in the west are sandy, which attract many tourists. Climate - Tropical monsoon climate - 7 months of dry season from mid-october to mid- May, with occasional rain - 5 months of rainy season - Average annual rain: 2,200 millimeters
Main Rivers and Canals in Phuket Phuket Province Klong Krang 45.17 million m 3 Klong Ao-Yon 1.08 million m 3 คลองบางใหญ ( x.190 ) 38.32 ล าน ล กบาศก เมตร Klong Bangyai 49.02 million m 3 Klong Tha Yang 45.09 million m 3 Klong Bang Ta 12.93 million m 3 Average annual runoff 153.29 million m 3
Current Water Resources in Phuket Water source The average runoff in the basin (million m 3 /year) Storage capacity (million m 3 ) Water storage in capacity (million m 3 ) The amount of available water (million m 3 ) Royal Irrigation Department Bang Ward 5.67 10.20 - - Bang Niao Dam 6.28 7.20 - - Klong Katha 6.04 4.32 - - Surface water/ 109 old mines 5 groundwater basins 1,024 Groundwater well - - 21.02-30.80 Sub-total - 21.72 21.02 35.91 Total 78.65 million m 3 / year 5.11
Item Water Consumption (million m 3 ) 2016 2017 2022 2027 2032 1. Local Consumption 52.30 52.32 54.12 55.92 57.72 2. Tourism 12.07 18.44 24.89 33.60 45.35 Total 64.37 70.76 79.01 89.52 103.07 Water Source Current Water Volume in Phuket (million m 3 ) 1. Bang Ward 10.20 10.20 10.20 10.20 10.20 - Water pumping of Bang Yai - Bang Ward 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 2. Bang Niew Dam Reservoir 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.20 3. Klong Katha Reservoir - - 4.32 4.32 4.32 4. Rainfall reservoir - Bang Ward 5.67 5.67 5.67 5.67 5.67 - Bang Niew Dam 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 6.28 - Klong Katha - - 6.04 6.04 6.04 5. Phuket Water Work Authority, Mines, the regional supply and 12.05 12.05 12.05 12.05 12.05 RO 6. Phuket Municipal Water Work Division 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 7.Groundwater (wells) 5.11 5.11 5.11 5.11 5.11 Total 56.16 56.16 62.20 62.20 62.20 Water demand 64.37 70.76 79.01 89.52 103.07 Supply-demand balance Water Consumption in Phuket Estimation of water consumption in future (2017-2032), based on the analysis of past consumptions 8.21 14.60 16.81 27.32 40.87
1. Increase water reservoirs: (re)development of old small irrigation projects, mines, and swamps Solutions for water shortage issues 2. Improve the water retention rate of Bang Niew Dam 3. Provide more water to Bang Niew Dam 4. Develop the water drainage system between Bang Niew Dam Reservoir and Bang Ward Reservoir 5.Develop groundwater pumping 6. Transfer water from outside of Phuket
Solutions to Water Shortage in the Plan of the Royal Irrigation Department Quantity of water supply (million m 3 ) Items 2016 2017 2022 2027 2032 Improve the reservoir capacity of Bang Niew Dam Construct the water drainage system between Bang Niew Dam and Ban Khok Tanot Develop water exploitation from mines Develop water pumping of groundwater Improve the water retention rate of approximately 5% of annual runoff Estimated water supply increase Available water supply - - 3.00 3.00 3.00 - - 8.00 8.00 8.00 - - 20.84 20.84 20.84 - - 30.80 30.80 30.80 - - 7.50 7.50 7.50 - - 70.14 70.14 70.14 56.16 56.16 62.20 62.20 62.20 Total water supply 56.16 56.16 132.34 132.34 132.34 Water demand 64.37 70.76 79.01 89.52 103.07 Supply-demand balance 8.21 14.60 +53.33 +42.82 +29.27
Water Pipelines of Phuket Provincial Water Work Authority Year Water Consumption in Phuket Volume of water production (Provincial Water Work Authority) Volume of water purchased from private sectors Volume of water production (Phuket Municipal Water Work Division) Total 2015 20,038,658 11,871,953 14,979,600 46,890,211 2016 19,174,261 12,732,622 14,979,600 46,886,483 Local Population: 75,378 Annual Inbound Tourists: 13,306,455 (2016)
Solution by the Phuket Provincial Water Work Authority 1. To utilize private sectors to increase the water supply for the growing need. Raw water resources are provided for private sectors for water products. 2. To expand the number of water users in Kamala, Rawai, and Karon. 3. To improve the main water supply pipeline; particularly in Patong. 4. Phuket municipal water resource policy. To increase production capacity for the Phuket City and other neighboring areas.
Issues to Solve 1. Insufficient water supply for consumption both of the Phuket local population and increasing inbound tourists. 2. Incomplete area coverage by Phuket Provincial Water Work Authority and by Phuket Municipal Water Work Division. 3. Lack of land to expand the main waterline. 4. Lack of budget for water resource development and for service area expansion.
Solutions to Water Resource Management Issues in Phuket (based on the Thai governmental innovation model) The government Pracha rath People and government People participation collaboration Officials and government agencies Goal of the government
Wastewater Management in Phuket Area
Wastewater Management Policy Government Policy: Policy Statement of the Council of Ministers (Friday 12 September B.E. 2557 (2014)) National Strategy 20 years (2017-2037) The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021) Issue 9 Part 4: Strategy 4 Pollution Management Strategy and Plan (2017-2021) Part 4: Strategy 4 Strategy 2 & 3 Development Plan of the Province, Andaman South Coast Phuket Development Plan Strategy 4
Government Policy: Policy Statement of the Council of Ministers (Friday 12 September B.E. 2557 (2014)) 9. Maintaining the Security of the Resource Base and Creating Balance between Conservation and Sustainable Use 9.4 Manage the country s water resources in a unified manner in all dimensions, quantitatively and qualitatively; and provide a water management plan for the country and a process which integrates the work plans and budgets of all concerned agencies so that project work plans avoid redundancy, are systematically linked and conform with water resource management policy and direction, by establishing or designating water management mechanisms as well as using highefficiency technology in the water management and danger warning systems.
National Strategy 20 years (2017-2037) Section 4: Development Strategies Strategy 4: Strategy for Environmentally-Friendly Growth for Sustainable Development Development Guidelines 3.3 Solve the environmental crises: speed up the control of air pollution, waste water, solid and harzadous waste from production and consumption. Build environmentally-friendly cities or green cities to create a good environment for the people. Related development guidelines should include
National Strategy 20 years (2017-2037) 3.3.2 Increase the efficiency of water quality management in the main watershed areas, particularly those facing pollution crises, by reducing wastewater from 139 the various sources. Accelerate the treatment of wastewater from households and industries. Decrease wastewater at source. Manage water quality within the entire systems: reuse treated wastewater for other purposes. Encourage Local Administration Organizations to operate wastewater treatment facilities: receiving wastewater from households and cities, collecting wastewater treatment fees to cover the costs of operation and maintenance (O&M), and monitoring and evaluating the efficiency of wastewater treatment systems.
National Strategy 20 years (2017-2037) Promote the private sector to sub-contract from the public sector for O&M in wastewater treatment systems. Amend laws and regulations under building codes regarding wastewater sources. Set permit criteria and methods of releasing wastewater into receptive ecosystems within their carrying capacity.
Pollution Management Strategy and Plan (2017-2021) Strategy 2 Increase the efficiency of waste treatment and disposal and pollution control at source. Prepare a master plan for community wastewater management Polluter Pays Principle: PPP Water saving/ reduce the volume wastewater Building Control Act Domestic Wastewater Management Beneficiary Pays Principle: BPP Wastewater rate Cluster wastewater treatment Create wastewater treatment plant
Pollution Management Strategy and Plan (2017-2021) Strategy 3 Development of pollution management system Pollution tax/ Administrative fees/ User fees project R&D project Environmental Law Development project Environmental Participation project Pollution Management Economic Measures (Economic Instrument) Improve Environmental Law Social Measure (trace/ Monitoring/surveillance) Law Enforcement
Phuket Development Plan (2017-2021) Strategy 4 Project Objective Indicator Output Conserve restore and sustainable use of natural resources and environmentally friendly Increase the efficiency of natural resources and environment through sustainable integration under public participation Create knowledge and understanding about wastewater management and environmental law 80 percent of government/private organization, trader, and people have knowledge and understanding about wastewater management and environmental law All section have knowledge and understanding about wastewater management and environmental law
Pollution Control Zone: Phuket http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/pol_controlzone_a2.htm
Pollution source in Phuket Pollution Control Area Talang Kathu Phuket
Wastewater Treatment Source of wastewater Wastewater characteristic : Government/ Private organization/ Hospital Hotel/ Household/ Establishment : Domestic Wastewater Estimate wastewater in 2017 : 180,060 m 3 /day Wastewater Treatment Plant : 6 Plants Total Capacity Current total capacity : 75,700 m 3 /day : 55,700 m 3 /day (31% of total wastewater) 26
Cherngtalay Sub district Administrative Oganization Wastewater Treatment Plant Kathu Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Vichit Sub district Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Patong Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Phuket Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Karon Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant 27
Phuket Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater characteristic: Domestic wastewater Treatment process: Activated sludge (Oxidation Ditch) Capacity: 36,000 m 3 /day 29,125 m 3 /day Service Area : 9.6 km 3 (80% of area) 28
Patong Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater characteristic: Domestic wastewater Treatment process: Activated sludge (Oxidation Ditch) Capacity: 23,250 m 3 /day Service Area : 12 km 3 (90% of area) 29
Kathu Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater characteristic: Domestic wastewater Treatment process: Activated sludge (Oxidation Ditch) Capacity: 6,100 m 3 /day (4,700 m 3 /day ) Service Area : 17 km 3 (50% of area) 30
Karon Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater characteristic: Domestic wastewater Treatment process: Activated sludge (Oxidation Ditch) Capacity: 6,000 m 3 /day (8,000 m 3 /day ) 10,000 m 3 /day (Phase 2) Service Area : 7 km 3 (35% of area) 31
Cherngtalay Sub district Administrative Organization Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater characteristic: Domestic wastewater Treatment process: Clustering Capacity: 4,600 m 3 /day (Surin beach:1,667, Bang Tao beach 2,895) 32
Vichit Sub district Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Wastewater characteristic: Domestic wastewater Treatment process: Activated sludge Capacity: 600 m 3 /day Service Area : 1 km 3 33
Local Administration Organizations: LAO There are no wastewater treatment (1) Rasada Subdistrict Municipality (2) Thepkrasattre Subdistrict Municipality (3) Srisunthon Subdistrict Municipality (4) Chalong Subdistrict Municipality (5) Rawai Subdistrict Municipality (6) Paklok Subdistrict Municipality (7) Cherngtalay Subdistrict Municipality 34
Local Administration Organizations: LAO There are no wastewater treatment (8) Maikhow Subdistrict Administrative Organization (9) Kohkeaw Subdistrict Administrative Organization (10) Thepkrasattri Subdistrict Administrative Organization (11) Sakhu Subdistrict Administrative Organization (12) Kamala Subdistrict Administrative Organization 35
The urgent priority to provide a system of waste water treatment by Wastewater Management Authority Factor ป จจ ยและหล กเกณฑ ในการพ จารณา Criteria 1. Empty space The availability of empty space for the construction of the wastewater treatment plant. 2. Plan of Wastewater treatment System Details of plan of wastewater treatment system 3. Wastewater treatment System Wastewater treatment System in LAO area 4. The density of the community Clustering/ distribution of local communities (Based on aerial photos) 5. The severity of the wastewater problem Criteria Situation of wastewater in the area
The urgent priority to provide a system of waste water treatment by Wastewater Management Authority The rank Sequence LAO Sequence LAO 1 Rawai 6 Cherngtalay (additional) 2 Kamala 7 Thepkrasattre 3 Karon and Vichit 8 Kathu 4 Phuket and Patong (additional) 5 Thepkrasattre, Rasada Chalong, Srisunthon and Paklok 9 Cherngtalay and Kohkeaw 10 Saku and Maikhow
Solutions - ALL Local Administration Organization do not have any wastewater treatment system. Accelerate the feasibility, appropriateness and detailed design of the system. Environmental impact assessment and the importance of land for construction. Accelerate the construction of wastewater treatment systems in the area. - Wastewater Management Authority has allocated budget to build a wastewater treatment system in the area, and link between Vichit Sub district Municipality and Phuket Municipality (Behind Toyota Daorung Company) to solve the problem of wastewater flowing into the public park (the budget of 30 million baht, started operation in 2017). 38
Solutions - The restaurant must install grease traps everywhere (primary treatment wastewater). - The local government must be strictly controlled. - Hotel, condominiums, and large residential buildings with wastewater treatment system must continue to operate. - Prepare a report on the results of the wastewater treatment system to The Local Government Organizations must strictly. 39
Reuse Wastewater Patong Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Water Processing Plant: Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) Wastewater Capacity: 23,250 m 3 /day Zero Discharge Reuse Wastewater Capacity: 25,000 m 3 /day Patong Municipality
Reuse Wastewater Phuket Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Water Processing Plant: Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) Reuse Wastewater Capacity: 25,000 m 3 /day Water supply Hotel Patong Municipality
Patong Municipality Reuse Wastewater Phuket Municipality Wastewater Treatment Plant Next plan - Excess sludge + Organic waste = Fertilizer - Create sewage treatment plant; decrease nitrogen and take gas from fermentation anaerobic to produce heat in order to bake sludge