The effects of folir ppliction of () Verno FG Cu3+Zn3, () NORDOX 75 WG nd (3) Cupric Hydroxide, during the kernel dry weight ccumultion period for nuts nd ud differentition period for wood, in ering Nonpriel lmond trees. Pmel Strnge (SGS Austrli), Willim Wng (OLAM), Steve Ktis (OLAM), In Lonie (Tnuki), Stephen Phillips (Tnuki). Astrct Folir ppliction of copper to lmond trees under hot dry conditions, fter shuck fll (BBCH 7) is regrded s hving potentil for phytotoxicity. Copper phytotoxicity cuses lef spotting nd premture lef fll. In this investigtion the stndrd frm ppliction of the copper fungicide Cupric Hydroxide t 5g/L comined with the orchrd (4) cover spry ws pplied y ir lst spryer t L/H on Decemer 4. This ws compred to; The folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 t 3g/L comined with the orchrd (4) cover spry pplied y ir lst spryer t L/H. The copper fungicide NORDOX 75 WG t g/l comined with the orchrd (4) cover spry pplied y ir lst spryer t L/H. No phytotoxicity ws evident in the Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 or NORDOX 75 WG tretments. Moderte to severe lef spotting nd premture lef fll were evident in the Cupric Hydroxide tretment s result of phytotoxicity. Prevention of new infections of Bcteril Spot (Xnthomons roricol pv pruni) ppered effective for ll tretments. Assessment of flower ud development showed significnt differences etween tretments in the numer of flower uds in the terminl spur uds. Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 treted trees developed the highest totl numer of flower uds nd the highest verge numer of flower uds in the terminl spur uds. Introduction Historiclly in crop pplictions of copper,fter shuck fll (BBCH 7), for the prevention of new infections of Bcteril Spot (Xnthomons roricol pv pruni) hve risk of phytotoxicity nd premture lef drop. Typiclly locks tht re selected for tretment hve shown symptoms of the disese. Appliction is trgeted t unprotected plnt surfces nd new growth since the lst ppliction of copper. The lst previous ppliction of copper typiclly occurs t green tip (BBCH ). The strtegy is protectnt progrmme, however there is lrge time gp etween tretments nd corresponding increse of unprotected new growth. Storms with ssocited het nd incresed moisture nd humidity re often the trigger for disese development nd consequent pplictions of copper. Most copper fungicides re fixed copper formultions tht re formulted to e lmost insolule in wter t ph 7.. Excess solule copper pplied in the spry solution cn cuse phytotoxicity. Less solule formultions re usully more persistent nd softer on plnts with lower phytotoxicity risk. The folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 nd the copper fungicide NORDOX 75WG re oth low soluility fixed Cuprous Oxide nd Zinc Oxide formultions. This investigtion ws conducted to exmine the crop sfety nd effect on trees of the folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 nd the copper fungicide NORDOX 75WG, reltive to cupric hydroxide under commercil orchrd ppliction conditions. N38 Pge
Mterils nd methods Olm Nrcooyi, Block 3 nd 8. Vrieties; Nonpriel, Crmel, Price. Appliction dte: Decemer 4. Tril N38. This tril ws instigted y Willim Wng, Olm, who orgnized the lock for tretment nd the frm ppliction equipment. Steve Ktis, Olm, conducted the ppliction. Pmel Strnge, SGS Austrli, supervised the ppliction nd conducted the ssessment nd nlysis of dt. Simon Fethers, Fethers Horticulturl Services, devised the ssessment criteri nd method for evluting flower ud development nd plnt vigour. In Lonie nd Steve Phillips, Tnuki, ssisted with the ssessment nd tril report preprtion. Tretments () Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 ( 3g/Kg Cu s cuprous oxide & 3g/Kg Zn s zinc oxide ) () NORDOX 75 WG ( 75g/Kg Cu s cuprous oxide ) (3) Hydrocop WG ( 5g/Kg Cu s cupric hydroxide ) (4) Orchrd cover spry (Throttle 5 Fungicide 5g/L propiconzole @ 9ml/H & Hortiwett @ml/h & LIG-ZINC (Zn 8% chelte) @ 4L/H & SJB LIG-TRACE chelted trce elements (Zn %, Fe %, Mn.5%, B.4%, N 5%, Mg %, Cu.5%, Mo.% )@ 4L/H) Appliction Rtes All tretments tnk mixed nd co pplied with the Orchrd cover spry. () Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 3g/L Totl volume L/H () NORDOX 75 WG g/l Totl volume L/H (3) Hydrocop WG 5g/L Totl volume L/H Design Tretments pplied in three Blocks (tretments () () (3)). All tretments included Nonpriel, Crmel, Price vrieties. Only Nonpriel trees were ssessed. Three rndomly selected plots of three trees were selected for ssessment from within ech lock to represent three replictes. 3 replictes per tretment, 3 trees per replicte, 6 lims per tree. Sttisticl nlysis of vrince nd nlysis of rw dt. Assessment of Nonpriel vriety. Visul ssessment for phytotoxicity nd disese control ws conducted in conjunction with frm mngement. There ws no detiled recording or sttisticl nlysis of vrince for these prmeters due to the excessive premture lef fll in the cupric hydroxide tretment. A photogrphic record hs een kept. Sttisticl nlysis of ud development nd tree vigour. Assessed 8 Ferury 5. To ccount for the vrition etween estern nd western sides of trees the ssessment nd colltion of dt ws segregted for est nd west. 3 tretments, 3 replictes per tretment, 3 trees per replicte, 6 lims per tree. (3 est & 3 west) Bud development Six evenly distriuted lims per tree 5mm from the tip were ssessed ( 3 est & 3 West).. Numer of spurs mm 5mm >5mm. Totl numer of spurs. c. Numer of flower uds ( -5) in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds. Vegettive vigour d. Length of the lst flush (mm) e. Numer of leves <5mm from the tip. f. Lef lde length (mm) of the three lrgest leves within 5mm of the tip. g. Lef lde width (mm) of the three lrgest leves within 5mm of the tip. N38 Pge
Results nd discussion The following grphs re generted from the ANOVA tle creted for this dt set. Mens followed y sme letter do not significntly differ. (P=.5, LSD) No phytotoxicity ws evident in the Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 or NORDOX 75 WG tretments. Moderte to severe lef spotting nd premture lef fll were evident in the Cupric Hydroxide tretment s result of phytotoxicity. Prevention of new infections of Bcteril Spot (Xnthomons roricol pv pruni) ppered effective for ll tretments. Premture lef drop in the Cupric Hydroxide tretment precluded comprtive sttisticl nlysis of infection levels. Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 treted trees developed the highest totl numer of flower uds nd the highest verge numer of flower uds in the terminl spur uds. 8 6 Numer of flower uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds, within 5mm from the Np. (est) 8 Numer of flower uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds, within 5mm from the Np. (west) Numer of flower uds 4 8 6 4 Verno 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L 7.33 4.48 9.96 c Numer of flower uds 6 4 8 6 4 Verno 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L 7.96 5.74. Averge numer of flower uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds, within 5mm from the Mp. (est) Averge numer of flower uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds, within 5mm from the Mp. (west) Averge numer of flower uds 3.5 3.5.5.5 c Averge numer of flower uds 4 3.5 3.5.5.5 Verno 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L 3.45.9.99 Verno 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L 3.59 3.4. N38 Pge 3
3.5 3 Numer of spurs length > 5mm within 5 mm from the Np.5 Numer of spurs length - 5 mm within 5 mm from the Np Numer of spurs >5mm.5.5.5 Numer of spurs - 5mm.5.5 VERNO 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/L Est.8.57.6 West 3.3.48.67 VERNO 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L Est.75.98.55 West..3.56 5 Numer of spurs length < mm within 5 mm of the Np 7 Totl numer of spurs within 5 mm of the Np Numer of spurs < mm 5 5 Totl numer of spurs 6 5 4 3 VERNO 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/L Est.4 3.96. West 9.9 9.7 3.4 VERNO 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L Est 4.5 6.78 3. West 4.7 3.48 4.6 N38 Pge 4
9 8 7 Numer of leves within 5 mm of the Op 6 Leves 5 4 3 VERNO 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L Est 8.44 7.74 53.56 West 73.8 69 58.59 Length of the lst flush 8 6 4 Length mm 8 6 4 VERNO 3g/L NORDOX g/l Cupric Hydroxide 5g/ L Est 97.96 34.8 4.56 West 85.56 73.33 75.4 N38 Pge 5
Numer of florl uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds from 6 lims from 3 trees per replicte in 3 replictes per tretment. ( 7 terminl spur uds per tretment ) 5 Flower Buds per terminl spur ud Flower Buds per terminl spur ud 4 8 6 4 Flower Bud per terminl spur ud VERNO 3g/L ( Totl florl uds 95 ) NORDOX g/l ( Totl florl uds 85 ) Cupric Hydroxide 5g/L ( Totl florl uds 54 ) 4 Flower Buds per terminl spur ud Flower Buds per terminl spur ud 3 Flower Buds per terminl spur ud Conclusions The folir fertiliser Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 nd the copper fungicide NORDOX 75 WG hve lower phytotoxic risk reltive to the copper fungicide cupric hydroxide in commercil lmond orchrd pplictions. Prevention of new infections of Bcteril Spot (Xnthomons roricol pv pruni) ppered effective for ll tretments. Sttisticl differences in the totl numer nd verge numer of florl uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds per shoot were recorded etween the tretments. Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment resulted in significntly higher totl numer nd verge numer of florl uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds per shoot thn the NORDOX 75 WG tretment nd the cupric hydroxide tretment. (ref ) refers to rw dt from replicted tril conducted t Lke Powell, where NORDOX 75 WG tretments were not sttisticlly different to n untreted control in regrd to totl florl ud numers nd the numer of florl uds in the terminl spur uds. NORDOX 75 WG tretments were very closely correlted to the untreted control. Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretments hd higher totl florl ud numers nd incresed distriution of greter numers of florl uds in the terminl spur uds. This reference supports the premise tht in this tril the dt for the NORDOX 75 WG tretment reflects the inherent florl ud sttus of the trees. This infers tht the dt for the Cupric Hydroxide tretment reflects reduction of florl ud sttus in the trees s opposed to the dt for the Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 tretment which reflects n increse in the florl ud sttus of the trees. N38 Pge 6
References (ref ). Grph from rw dt from tril LP conducted y Pm Strnge, SGS, for Tnuki, in lmonds vr. Nonpriel t Lke Powell in 4-5. Exmining the effect of 4X pplictions of Verno FG Cu3+Zn3 nd 4X pplictions of NORDOX 75 WG t week intervls commencing t shuck fll (BBCH 7). Comprison with untreted control. (produced elow) Block C (Verno kg/h Dormnt & NORDOX 5 g/ L GreenIp) Numer of flower uds in the 5 strongest terminl spur uds, from 6 lims from 3 trees per replicte in 3 replictes per tretment. ( 7 terminl spur uds per tretment ) 5 Flower Buds per terminl spur ud Flower Buds per terminl spur ud 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Flower Bud per terminl spur ud UTC (54 Buds) 4X VERNO 3g/L (777 Buds) 4X NORDOX g/l (59 Buds) 4 Flower Buds per terminl spur ud Flower Buds per terminl spur ud 3 Flower Buds per terminl spur ud N38 Pge 7