EAS 562/4 - Construction Materials and Repair Techniques EAS 562/4 - Bahan Binaan dan Teknik Baikpulih

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UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 3 rd. Semester Examination 2003/2004 Academic Session Peperiksaan Semester Ketiga (KSCP) Sidang Akademik 2003/2004 April 2004 EAS 562/4 - Construction Materials and Repair Techniques EAS 562/4 - Bahan Binaan dan Teknik Baikpulih Duration: 3 hours Masa : 3 jam Instructions to candidates: 1. Ensure that this paper contains SIX (6) printed pages before you start your examination. Sila pastikan kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi ENAM (6) muka surat bercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini. 2. This paper contains FIVE (5) questions. Answer FOUR (4) questions only. Marks will be given to the FIRST FOUR (4) questions put in order on the answer script and NOT the BEST FOUR (4). Kertas ini mengandungi LIMA (5) soalan. Jawab EMPAT (4) soalan sahaja. Markah hanya akan dikira bagi EMPAT (4) jawapan PERTAMA yang dimasukkan di dalam buku mengikut susunan dan bukannya EMPAT (4) jawapan terbaik. 3. All questions CAN BE answered in English or Bahasa Malaysia or combination of both languages. Semua soalan boleh dijawab dalam Bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Malaysia ataupun kombinasi keduadua bahasa. 4. Each question MUST BE answered on a new page. Tiap-tiap soalan MESTILAH dijawab pada muka surat yang baru. 5. Write the answered question numbers on the cover sheet of the answer script. Tuliskan nombor soalan yang dijawab di luar kulit buku jawapan anda. 2/-

- 2 - [EAS 562/4] 1. Several piers and pile caps of the Penang Bridge have been reported to undergo reinforcement corrosion. Due to the corrosion problem, the concrete cover of the affected structural members has shown sign of cracking and spalling. The worst affected areas are those subjected to wetting and drying cycles. (a) (b) (c) Giving reasons, state the probable cause of the corrosion problem. Explain the mechanism as to how the problem occurs and causing reinforcement corrosion. (8 marks) In order to ensure your early diagnosis as in (a) is true and to assess the extent of the problem, you have to perform some suitable tests on the affected structural members. Suggest FIVE (5) non and/or semi-destructive test, and /or chemical test that you think appropriate. For each test suggested, give your reason as to why it needs to be performed. (7 marks) As an engineer, you have been asked to prepare a specification for the repair material to be used to repair the affected structural members. Explain FIVE (5) important properties that you think the repair material should have to ensure satisfactory and lasting performance of the repair work. Beberapa tembok sambut (pier) dan tetopi cerucuk bagi Jambatan Pulau Pinang telah dilaporkan mengalami masalah pengaratan tetulang. Disebabkan masalah ini, konkrit penutup bagi anggota struktur yang terlibat telah menunjukkan tandatanda retakan dan penyerpihan. Kawasan yang terjejas dengan serius adalah yang terdedah kepada kitaran basah kering. (a) (b) (c) Dengan memberikan justifikasi/sebab, nyatakan kemungkinan punca kepada masalah pengaratan yang berlaku. Jelaskan secara ringkas mekanisma perkara ini berlaku dan menyebabkan pengaratan tetulang. Bagi memastikan diagnosis awal anda seperti di (a) adalah betul dan untuk menganggar tahap masalah, anda perlu menjalankan beberapa ujian yang sesuai ke atas anggota struktur yang terlibat. Cadangkan LIMA (5) ujian tanpa musnah dan/atau ujian separa musnah dan/atau ujian kimia yang anda fikirkan perlu dijalankan. Untuk setiap ujian yang dicadangkan, berikan justifikasi/sebab kenapa ia perlu dijalankan. Sebagai seorang jurutera, anda telah dipertanggungjawapkan untuk menyediakan spesifikasi bagi bahan baikpulih yang akan digunakan untuk membaiki anggota struktur yang terbabit. Jelaskan LIMA (5) sifat utama yang anda fikirkan perlu ada pada bahan baikpulih yang akan digunakan bagi memastikan kerja baikpulih yang berkesan dan tahan lasak. 3/-

- 3 - [EAS 562/4] 2. (a) Discuss in detail the mechanism, which explains how sulphate attack occurs. (b) List and discuss the measures, which could be taken to avoid or reduce the risk of sulphate attack occurring in concrete. (c) Suggest and explain briefly some suitable laboratory tests which can be used to assess the sulphate resistance performance of concrete. (a) Bincangkan secara terperinci mekanisma yang menerangkan bagaimana serangan sulfat berlaku. (b) Senaraikan dan bincangkan langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil untuk mengelakkan atau mengurangkan risiko serangan sulfat berlaku kepada konkrit. (c) Cadangkan dan jelaskan secara ringkas ujian-ujian makmal yang sesuai, yang boleh digunakan untuk menganggar kebolehrintangan konkrit terhadap serangan sulfat. 3. (a) Surface treatments have been used quite extensively to protect concrete from the aggressive environment. List FIVE (5) types of surface treatments and explain the protection mechanism briefly. (b) Table 1 presents the experimental data, which was obtained in an attempt to assess the waterproofing efficiency of three types of surface treatments that have been exposed to NaCl solution. Table 1: Mass of concrete specimens that have been immersed in NaCl (gram) Age Surface treated Controlled/ (months) Silane Epoxy Sodium silicate Untreated 0 *2425 *2440 *2430 *2410 1 2450 2455 2458 2472 3 2470 2457 2463 2483 6 2485 2460 2468 2493 12 2503 2461 2470 2497 * Note: Dry mass before immersion Determine the water absorption for all specimens and then determine the waterproofing efficiency index for the treated specimens. Use a suitable table for your answer. Compare and discuss the waterproofing performance of all surface treatments for the duration of the test period. If necessary, you could use an appropriate graph for the comparison. 4/-

- 4 - [EAS 562/4] (c) Suggest a suitable laboratory test to assess the efficiency of surface treatment against the penetration of CO 2 and O 2. Using the proposed test, explain how the efficiency index could be determined. 3. (a) Rawatan permukaan telah digunakan secara meluas untuk melindungi konkrit daripada persekitaran yang agresif. Senaraikan LIMA (5) jenis rawatan permukaan dan bincangkan dengan ringkas mekanisma perlindungan yang diberikan oleh tiap-tiap rawatan. (b) Jadual 1 menunjukkan data-data ujian yang telah dijalankan untuk menguji sifat kekedapan air (waterproofing efficiency) tiga jenis salutan permukaan yang direndam di dalam larutan NaCl. Tentukan penyerapan air (water absorption) untuk semua spesimen dan seterusnya dapatkan indeks keberkesanan kekedapan air (waterproofing efficiency index) bagi spesimen yang dirawat. Gunakan jadual yang bersesuaian untuk jawapan anda. Bincangkan dan bandingkan prestasi kekedapan air ketigatiga jenis rawatan permukaan untuk tempoh ujian yang telah dijalankan. Sekiranya perlu anda boleh melukiskan geraf yang sesuai untuk perbandingan. (c) Cadangkan satu ujian makmal yang sesuai untuk menganggar keberkesanan rawatan permukaan kepada penusukan CO 2 dan O 2. Dengan menggunakan ujian yang dicadangkan, jelaskan bagaimana indeks keberkesanan boleh ditentukan. 4. (a) Explain the steps/procedures that are normally followed in conventional repair of reinforced concrete structure undergoing reinforcement corrosion. (b) Cathodic protection is an electrochemical technique which can be used to arrest the progress of reinforcement corrosion. List two types of cathodic protection systems and explain the basic principle how each one works. Use appropriate sketches to elucidate your explanation. (15 marks) (a) Jelaskan langkah-langkah/prosidur yang selalunya diikuti di dalam proses pembaikan secara konvensional ke atas struktur konkrit yang mengalami pengaratan tetulang. (b) Perlindungan katod adalah satu kaedah elektrokimia yang boleh digunakan untuk menangani masalah pengaratan tetulang. Nyatakan/senaraikan dua jenis sistem perlindungan katod, dan jelaskan prinsip asas bagaimana setiap satunya berfungsi/bekerja. Gunakan rajah-rajah yang sesuai untuk membantu penjelasan anda. 5/-

Aggregate (modulus=eg) - 5 - [EAS 562/4] 5. (a) Write an appropriate expression for creep of concrete under the following conditions: i) concrete sealed from the environment from the time of loading (t 0 ). ii) concrete allowed to dry from the time of loading (t 0 ). iii) concrete stored in water from the time of loading (t 0 ). (b) What are the components of hardened cement paste. describe its influence on deformation. For each component, (c) Explain what you understand by the term basic creep and autogenous shrinkage. (d) Explain the effects of creep on concrete structure. (e) Assuming that concrete can be represented by a two-phase composite model as shown in Figure 1, derive the relationship between the elastic modulus of concrete and the elastic modulus of aggregate as well as the elastic modulus of hardened cement paste. S T R E S S Cement paste (modulus=e m ) 1-g g Figure 1 6/-

- 6 - [EAS 562/4] 5. (a) Tuliskan rumusan untuk rayapan konkrit di bawah keadaan berikut: (i) (ii) Konkrit yang disalut (tidak didedahkan) kepada persekitaran daripada masa beban dikenakan (t 0 ). Konkrit yang didedahkan kepada persekitaran kering daripada masa beban dikenakan (t 0 ). (iii) Konkrit yang direndam di dalam air daripada masa beban dikenakan (t 0 ). (b) Apakah komponen-komponen adunan simen terkeras. Untuk setiap komponen jelaskan secara ringkas pengaruhnya ke atas ubah bentuk. (c) Jelaskan apakah yang anda faham tentang terminologi rayapan asas dan pengecutan autogenous. (d) Jelaskan kesan-kesan rayapan ke atas struktur konkrit. (e) Dengan menganggap bahawa konkrit boleh diwakili oleh model komposit dua fasa seperti di Rajah 1, dapatkan hubungan di antara modulus kekenyalan konkrit dengan modulus kekenyalan agregat serta modulus kekenyalan adunan simen terkeras. - ooo O ooo -