Renewable Energy Options Solar Photovoltaic Technologies Lecture-1 Prof. C.S. Solanki Energy Systems Engineering, IIT Bombay chetanss@iitb.ac.in
Contents Energy Energy Conversion processes Direct and indirect energy conversion World Energy scenario Renewable energy options 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-2
Energy -Its capacity of a body to perform work - it s a driving force of change -Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy, chemical energy, nuclear, light etc. Units of energy 1 Calorie unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius. 1 Joule ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g = 10 meter/s 2 1 ev = Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff. 1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E-19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kj, 10E7 Ergs = 1 joule) BTU> cal > joule > erg > ev Energy 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-3
Energy-2 Law of energy conservation -Energy can neither be created nor it can be destroyed -Energy converts among various forms without any loss or gain During the application of energy, it changes from one form to other Combustion (chem. energy of plants heat energy), Use of external combustion engine and IC engine (heat energy) mechanical energy) Use of electromagnetic devices (mechanical energy electrical energy) Use of fan (electrical mechanical) 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-4
Energy conversion-1 Nuclear reactors convert nuclear energy (nuclear fission) to thermal and then electric energy Nuclear fusion reactors are still in experimental stage, but they are used to convert fusion energy to electric energy Batteries and fuel cells convert chemical energy into electric energy Audio and visual equipment converts electric energy into E.M. radiation, and sound energies Electrolyses convert electric energy into chemical energy 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-5
Energy conversion-2 Technologies for harvesting solar energy Technologies for harvesting wind and tide energy Motors convert electric energy into mechanical energy, and generators reverse the process Hydroelectric technology 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-6
Centralized Energy Generation Energy Flow Primary Energy (coal, oil, gas) Energy Conversion facility (refineries, power plant) Secondary Energy (Refined oil, electricity) Transmission and distribution system (Railway, trucks, pipeline) Final Energy (Energy delivered to consumer) Energy utilization equipments. (Automobile, motor, heater) Useful Energy (Distance traveled, cooked food) 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-7
Path of energy conversion Power plant Transmission network 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-8
World Energy Consumption About 57% growth by 2025 as compared to 2002 Much of the growth in energy is in emerging economics (3.3%) as compared to 1.1% in the developed economics 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-9
World s Energy Scenario 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-10
Emission of greenhouse gases Use of fossil fuels causes emission of greenhouse gases 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-11
India s energy scenario Fuel MW % Total Thermal 81,859 66.3 Coal 68,308 55.4 Gas 12,350 10.0 Oil 1,201 0.9 Hydro 32,135 26.0 Nuclear 3,310 2.7 Renewable 6,158 5.0 Total 123,462 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-12
Energy security Oil accounts for about 34% of India s primary energy consumption We should look for alternative energy options 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-13
Limitations of Conventional sources Available in limited quantity (can not be renewed) Cause damage to environment Centralized energy source Energy security Can not readily provide power where needed (no direct conversion) Limited efficiency due to multi-step conversion 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-14
Path of energy conversion sun light sun light sun light optical concentration high temperature thermal energy thermodynamic engine wind energy rotor generator (optical concentration) solar cell electricity electricity electricity generator 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-15
Renewable Energy Options-1 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-16
Renewable Energy Options-2 Renewable energy: Clean, Abundant, Sustainable Renewable energy options Wind Energy Biomass Solar thermal and solar Photovoltaics Nuclear energy? Hydel energy Geothermal Ocean energy Disadvantages Extensive land use due to less power density of renewable energy Fluctuating character of some renewable energies Expensive 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-17
Renewable Energy Options Advantages Sustainable energy supply Abundance and broader range of sources implies the security of the energy supply Relatively clean energy source Decentralized production of energy stimulates the regional developments particularly in developing countries. Increased employment The long life of the energy systems The modular character of technology allows gradual implementation, easier to finance 8/1/2008 IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technologies L1-18