Sustainable Solar Electricity Solutions through Horizontal and Vertical Expansions in Rural Areas Chetan S. Solanki Dept. of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay www.millionsoul.iitb.ac.in
INDIA S POPULATION AND ENERGY NEEDS 2
India is Young July 2011-Population =1189 million of which 0-14 years: 29.7% 15-64 years: 64.9% 65 years and over: 5.5% Dependency ratio of 0.6; 2030-0.4 2020 Average Age: India-29; China-37; Japan-48: India will have youngest working age population in world With this young population India can grow fast, provide the young population is well-educated and well-trained
Human Development Index HDI is indication of Health, Education and Income, adopted by UN Health, Education and Income of nation is directly related to Energy consumption per capita Education Park, 2012 4
Indian Power Sector Current installed generation capacity is 2,79,013 MW It generates about 1000 billion units per year India's power generation capacity will need to scale up Total Thermal (coal- 60%, gas -9%, oil 0.5% Hydro Nuclear Renewable Energy Total Current Capacity MW % 1,92,724 68.85 45,799 16.36 4,700 1.67 36,692 13.1 100 2,79,915 5 National Center for Photovoltaic Research and Education
Per capita electricity needs Annual electricity requirement per capita in India ~ 4000 kwh Current supply only -1000 kwh Source: Forbes.com There should be 800,000 MW capacity for providing 3000 unit per person per year 1000
7 KEROSENE FOR LIGHTING
Kerosene as the major source of lighting There are 78 Million households using kerosene as main source of lighting. (Census of India, 2011) Can solar lamp replace kerosene Lamp? <20% HH 20-40% HH 40-60% HH >60% HH Kerosene as the main source of lighting 10-25% HH 5-10% HH 2-5% HH 1-2% HH <1% HH Solar lamps as the main source of lighting 8
Students in Schools Time for India to reap the population dividend 120 100 80 60 Rural Urban 40 20 258 million students 189 million in rural areas - Primary(I -V) Upper Primary (VI-VIII) Secondary(IX-X) Senior Secondary(XI-XII) Significant drop outs in rural schools compared to urban area * Source: NUEPA, 2013-14 9
Electrification in India Overview of 5 Indian States Village is considered electrified if 10% HH gets connection Un-electrified villages (%) Un-electrified households (%) Assam 7.69 67.66 Bihar 2.54 93.05 Jharkhand 6.02 63.33 Odisha 4.64 52.53 Uttar Pradesh 0.23 72.98 10 Source: State wise reports, Garv App, 2016
Number of HH In places with 24 hour electricity Light level required for study purpose is 150 Lux 1100 1001 900 700 732 500 300 100 126 223 119 65 49 24 6 2 4 0-100 Light Intensity in Lux Light for studying purpose is inadequate even in electrified rural households A survey of 2,351 households in six states 11
Can students wait for us to supply electricity? Relying only on fossil fuel resources for bringing light to student s life for study is not wise As it would require - Huge fossil resources - Large Investment, & - Very long time 258 million students, 189 in rural areas A School going child Can-NOT and Should-NOT wait for supply of conventional electricity 12
DESIGN OF MILLION SOLAR URJA LAMP (SOUL) PROGRAM 13
SoUL (Solar Urja Lamp): A Study Light Solution How much electricity is required to study 4 hours a day for 365 days? only 0.73 unit of electricity in a year! Light required for study is 150 Lux (kerosene lamp gives 15 Lux) Appropriate Technical Solution Panel: 1.0 Wp LED Wattage: 0.5 Watt Battery: 1.2x2V 1200 ma SoUL delivers 150 Lux at over 12 ( 8 hours and 5 hours back up) 14
Issues with solar lamp programs Buy and supply Expensive products (Cost) No technical support Product fails prematurely (Reparability) Continuation is not possible More products not available (Availability) 15
Principles of the Million SoUL Program The Program is designed on the principles of: Localization Saturation Affordability The Million SoUL Program can provide clean light to school going children in rural India in the fastest possible way & in a cost-effective manner 16
Concepts of SoUL program Saturation Localization Affordable All students in an area get an opportunity to own solar lamp Better logistics management, lower cost of maintenance, sustainable job creation 17 Assembly of lamp, its distribution, use, repair and maintenance ALL by local people Low cost, better availability and better reparability Make lamp appropriate to use Light for study 1W panel is enough, partly subsidized
Objectives of the Million SoUL Program Objective Speed, Scale, and Local Skills 1 Million Students Involve local people in lamp assembly, distribution and repair activities Create a sustainable, large scale SoUL program model Seed rural solar markets for accessibility and availability of solar products 18
Price of SoUL: Affordable to all The total cost of a lamp includes the cost of components, assembly, manpower, logistics, campaigning, along with repair & maintenance Rs. 120 students contribution, makes it affordable 19
20 Operational Flow of the Program
EXECUTION AND SPREAD OF THE PROGRAM 21
June 14 Jan 15 Jan 16 SoUL project execution Every day actions and events are recoded Real time data made available 22
OUTREACH of Million SoUL 65,000 10,900 1,000,000 1400 350 SoUL trained Sq. villages Repair Students km manpower area centres 24
No of Blocks State wise coverage of Tribal blocks 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 MH RJ MP OD India % of Tribal Blocks 88% 50% 81% 83% 76% Tribal Blocks 7 7 26 15 55 Total Blocks 8 14 32 18 72 25
26 OUTCOME AND IMPACT
Saturated Kosagumda Block In Kosagumda block of Nabrangpur district I Odisha, nearly every eligible student has taken the SoUL No of eligible students : 10,666 No. of students purchased the lamp: 10,629 27
Illuminating the room Carrying livelihood activities (irrigating farms, grocery shops, selling items at weekly markets) Domestic activities mainly cooking, having dinner Other Uses of SoUL Social gathering such as meetings, during festivals, in ceremonies (wedding), funerals Increasing mobility, used as a torch outside the home (for toilet, errands) Emergencies like taking patients to the doctor, snake bite
Research Methodology: Quantitative Survey at the household level in 2 rounds (immediately and after six month) Treatment sample was 1.2% of the total beneficiaries, & control sample was 10% of the treatment sample. Sample criteria: The stratified purposive random sampling based on the percentage of STs, SCs & electrification status as per Census 2011. 12,000 Total Sample Surveyed: 13,200 Treatment 1,200 Control 8 Field Investigators working for 11 months generating more than 2,500 person-days of work 29
Research Outcomes: Quantitative Education It will provide 220,000,000 extra study hours per year* Energy It will save nearly 2,160,000 liters of kerosene per year Pollution It will save 5,400,000 kg of CO 2 emission (Assuming 1 liter of kerosene burning emits about 2.5 kg of CO 2 ) Employment It has created short term direct employment for at least 1,000 people, Nurturing enterprising Health Safety from fire, health benefits * Based on qualitative studies 30
Failure rate of SoUL Overall failure rate is about 18% This could be due to poor workmanship, quality of component, poor assembly environment, mishandling by users, rural climate, etc. 81.65 80.49 82.95 83.3 79.71 18.35 19.51 17.05 16.7 20.29 India Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Rajasthan Odisha Functional Non Functional 31
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EXPANSION SoUL to SoULS 32
School Enrollment (I-XII) and Households in India India still lives in villages, 68% of households are in rural areas Total Households: 247 Million Total Student Enrolled: 258 Million Urban 32% (79 Million) Rural 68% (168 Million) Source: NUEPA, 2013-14 Urban 27% (70 Million) Rural 73% (188 Million) Does all the students in rural areas get light for study purpose regularly, when they need, particularly evening 6 to 9 pm hours? 33
Student Enrolment (in Million) Rural and Urban School Enrollment 120 100 80 Source: NUEPA, 2013-14 60 40 Rural Urban 20 - Primary(I -V) Upper Primary (VI- VIII) Secondary(IX-X) Senior Secondary(XI-XII) Significant drop outs in rural schools compared to urban schools Increase in study hours may help in reducing drop out rates? 34
Right to Clean Light - The Way Forward IIT Bombay is proposing National Students Solar Lighting Mission (NaSSoLiM) Targeted beneficiary Blocks with >50% household using kerosene as main source of lighting 1,436 Blocks Blocks with > 25% tribal population 878 Blocks No. of blocks considering both criteria 2900 Blocks A total of 76 million students should be targeted, in 2,900 Blocks. 35 There are total 6,612 2,900 blocks with both criteria
Current (Level of outcome) Diode Analogy Sustainability of Solar Solution Market driven Assemble & supply & repair + local manufacturing Buy & Supply Local Assemble & Supply Threshold level Applied Voltage (Level of efforts) 36
Vertical Expansion Proposed off-grid solar roadmap for sustainability Solar Urja through Localisation for Sustainability (SoULS Progam) Local Manufacturing Solar Enterprise Local Manufacturing Solar Enterprise 1 Million SoUL Program SoUL Program Reaching 100 Million Students 37 Horizontal Expansion
Open Source Hardware: Disruptive Idea! Complete design of the solar lamp, with required specification, released under Creative Commons licensing Anyone can use design and manufacture We can expect More OEM manufacturers to benefit Quality assurance will be possible Interoperability of the components Localized Manufacturing? Scaling up (in time) possible since production need not be limited to a single vendor! Production costs and Transportation costs can be standardized and controlled 38
Million SoUL The Right to Light
Training (Assemblers and Distributors)
Assembly of Solar Lamps
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Contact: Prof. Chetan S. Solanki chetanss@iitb.ac.in https://www.facebook.com/chetan.s.solanki www.millionsoul.ac.in THANK YOU ALL OF YOU Acknowledgement MNRE and all funding agencies IITB administration NGO partners Vendors SoUL Staff members
Books on PV Solar Photovoltaics Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications Second Edition Chetan Singh Solanki Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Systems A manual for Techicians, Trainers and Engineers Chetan Singh Solanki SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS A LAB TRAINING MANUAL Chetan S Solanki Brij M Arora Juzer Vasi Mahesh B Patil Renewable Energy Technologies A practical guide for beginners Chetan Singh Solanki