influence on agricultural practices 12, 18, 33, 221-5, 233, 235, 298, 301 Crops (see cash, rotations)

Index Acaricides 246, 255-8, 264 Africa (see also agricultural productivity, disease, Ethiopia, food security, Kenya, Uganda) livestock farming in 245-6, 249, 255-69 organic farming in 155-7, 159-60, 165, 228-31, 246, 287-9 soil fertility depletion (in) 215-40, 360 sub-saharan African challenge Programme 336 Agriculture (al) (see also green revolution, high external input, industrialization, intensification, low external impact sustainable) development 5 expenditure on 338 technological factors 3, 5, 64 future scenarios 282-92, 302-23 production 5, 216-7 productivity (see also yields) 5-6, 121-6 in sub-saharan Africa 216-21 Agri-environmental schemes 350 Agrochemicals (see also fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides) levels of use of 5-6, Agro-ecology 160-4, 287-9, 314-5, 359-60 Agro-ecological conditions significance for organic yields 302 Agroforestry 217, 224, 315, 359 Aid (see donor agencies) Animal(s) (see also livestock) behaviour, natural 242-3 multifunctionality of 243 production (trends in) 8, 242 welfare 86, 123-5, 189, 243, 270-2 in organic farming 247-8, 317, 354-62 Antimicrobial drugs 4, 242-3, 248, 255 problems with 189 levels of use of 8, 252 reductions (in use of) 243, 249, 264-7 through organic approaches 251-5, 362-4 residues 249 resistance (to) 250-1 Argentina soya production 20-4, 354 organic farming in 155-8, 160-1, 285 Asia organic farming in 155-7, 159-60 Beef global market in 24 production in Brazil 24-6 sustainable production of 26 Bhutan livestock production 245, 247, 266 Biodiversity (the) Convention on (Biological Diversity) 145-6 conventional farming and the reduction of 4, 10-1, 15-6 (and) organic farming 31-2, 169, 359 Biodynamic approaches 161 Biosafety 146 Biotechnology 6 (see also Genetically Modified Organisms) Breeding livestock for disease resistance 243, 247, 264-6 CAP 291, 324, 327 Capital man-made, 118 natural, 118 Care (of) livestock 272 (the) principle of 78 Carbon sequestration (from) organic farming 31-2 Cartagena Protocol (see biosafety) Cattle (see livestock) 369

Cash crops (and) food security 281 (and) smallholder systems 18-9 Cereals demand for (see also food security) 9, 284, 292-3, 304 from livestock systems 284, 288, 307-10 production 6, 19, 125, 223, 285-6, 292 under organic systems 291-2, 305-6 Certification (see also labelling) 33, 93-4 141-4, 158, 351-2 (as) barrier to markets 33, 142 costs 142-3, 229 (and) fair trade 66, 352 local ownership of 348, 350, 358, 364 (and) social justice 33 CGIAR Institutes 162, 330 Codex Alimentarius 148, 348, 350 Common Agricultural Policy (see CAP) Commons (the) 55-63, 90-1, 260 characteristics of 56-9 governance of 59-64, 261-4 (as) social institutions 57-9 Composting 165, 225-6 Commodification 63-8, 90-2, 362 Commodity prices (in) Africa 222 Communal (see grazing systems) Communication technologies impacts on trade and agriculture 3, 17 Community participation 244, 261-4, 312 Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) 39-41 Conventionalization of organic agriculture 77, 348 Cooperatives 36-7 Credit (see also smallholder farmersconstraints) influence on agricultural practices 12, 18, 33, 221-5, 233, 235, 298, 301 Crops (see cash, rotations) DARCOF 331, 335, 339 Dairy production 36-9, 251-4, 290 DANIDA 331, 335 Deforestation 4, 11, 23, 24-6 Denmark 100% organic scenario 290 organic dairy sector 36-9, 252-4 Desertification 162 Dietary changes 9, 282-5 (see also meat: growing demand for) Development policy 323-5, 329-31 Disease(s) cross species transfer 250 (in) livestock (see also animal welfare, antimicrobial drugs, Foot and Mouth Disease, Rinderpest, veterinary practices) management of 243, 255, 264-7 organic approaches 248, 251-4, 264-76 prevention of 243, 254-8 resistance 259-60 vector borne 246, 255-61 control of 243, 255-8, 261-8 Doha Round (see WTO) Donor agencies (and) organic farming 229, 246, 328-30 Drugs (see antimicrobial) Ecolabelling (see labelling) Ecological economics (see also time, scale) 55, 113-31, 326, 346, 352-5 (and the) laws of thermodynamics 116-7 (and) neo-classical theory 114, 128 (and) sustainability 117 Ecological engineering 184, 191-209 Ecological injustice(s) examples of 53 Ecological justice (see also political ecology) 50-71, 76-108, 119 (and) organic farming 69-71, 75, 97-109, 346-8, 352-4, 362 (in) practice 63-70, 81, 351-4 (vs.) sustainable development 52-5 theoretical basis of 53-63, 84-90 Ecological modernization 52, 64, 79, 153 Ecology, principle of 78 Economic(s) (see also ecological economics, environmental economics, market economics) 184 growth 54-5, 285, 345 370

Education (as factor in agricultural productivity) 265, 271, 298-300, 335-8, 339 Efficiency 351 (vs.) equity 64 Environmental benefits (of organic farming) (see also biodiversity, carbon sequestration, land reclamation) 155, 169, 327-9, 354-5, 359 assessments of 355 Environmental economics 54, 82, 127, 326, 351, 355 Environmental indicators 327 Environmental problems (connected with) agriculture 4, 10-16, 51 (see also biodiversity reduction of; desertification; deforestation; eutrophication; globalization environmental impacts; global warming; resource use: soil degradation; water pollution) Epidemiology 255-62 Equity (and) efficiency 64 Erosion (see also land and soils) 10-11 Ethics 85-7, 90 Ethiopia 224-6 Ethnoveterinary practices 268 European Fair Trade Association 66 Eutrophication 13, 15 Extension services 164, 265, 272, 279, gender bias 297 Externalities 63-4, 77, 90, 92-4, 118, 352, 354 Fairness, principle of 78 Fair Trade (see also certification, European Fair Trade Association) 2, 33, 65-8, 71-3, 100-1, 348, 353 (and the) commons Labelling Organization (FTLO) 66 (and) organic production 100, 108, 168, 353, 362 FAO 5-9, 218-9, 265.6, 281, 286 329, 344 Farmer Field Schools 252, 272 Fertilizers (see also Nitrogen, Nutrients Phosphorus, soil fertility) factors affecting use of 222-3, 297 levels of use of 4, 14, 23, 164, 219-21, 293-4 problems associated with 6, 10-11, 221-3 Fish farming 166, 198, 202 Food (see also processing, retailing, storage and distribution, supply chains trade) imports dependency on 4, 19, 356 insecurity (see food security) miles 139, 352 safety 316, 354 security (see also population growth) 4, 10, 16, 19-20, 278-322, 344 agro-ecological influences 292-6 entitlements 167, 281 and exports 281, 300 long term factors 285 modelling 278, 282-4, 290-2, 301-43 (and) organic systems 32, 34, 102, 153, 160, 165-7, 176, 278-317, 355-60, 364 projections of (see modelling) regional aspects 286 socio-economic influences (see also food security entitlements) 278, 280-91, 296-301 staple foods 282-6 (in) urban areas 315, 365 Foot and Mouth Disease 242 Fossil fuels contribution to global warming 10 levels of use in agriculture 10 Free Trade 56, 64-7, 346-9 Functional integrity 314, 349 GATT (see Tariffs, WTO) Gender adoption organic farming 297 labour and roles 297 Genetic diversity (see also biodiversity) reduction in 9-10 Genetic ecology 250 Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) 172 soya in Argentina 20-4 (and) organic farming 298 371

Globalization (see also free trade, socioeconomic impacts) concentrating effects 4, 65, 344 definition of environmental impacts 3, 10-17, 50, 59-63, 344 implications for / effects on agriculture 3-25, 65, 135-8, 354 (and) organic production 2-3, 26-49, 51, 64-7, 78-84, 344-50 strategies of resistance (to) 63-71, 350-4 (and) sustainable development 52, 79-84 (and) trade 64-5, 95-7, 344 Global warming (see also carbon, sequestration, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases) 4 agriculture s contribution to 10 and food security 285-6 and organic farming 31-2 Glyphosate 20-3, 354 GMOs (see Genetically Modified Organisms) Governance (of the) commons 58-63 of organic farming 324-9, 347-63 Grazing Systems (see also Zero-grazing) communal 242, 273, 362 Green Revolution 5, 18, 221-4, 279, 287-92 Greywater (see waste) Health (see also disease) (and) organic farming 78, 169 (and) sanitation 198-9, 201, 361 Herbicides (see Glyphosate) High external input farming (in) Africa 218, 221-4 conversion to organic agriculture food security effects 303 relative yields 290 High yielding varieties 5-6 HIV/AIDS 171, 229, 296 Homeopathy 251, 254 Husbandry (see livestock) IFOAM 51, 76, 78, 155, 159-60, 228, 268, 348, 350, 353 IFPRI 282-6 IMPACT model for food projections 282 Improved varieties (see Green Revolution: high yielding varieties) Indigenous breeds 247 (and) disease resistance 264-8, 362 farming practices 217, 226 (and) organic approaches 67, 162-4 knowledge 255, 266-8 medical practices 248, 266-8 Institution(s)/(al) (see also, organic farming institutions) environments 325-6, 336-40 in developing world 334-9 in Europe 325-6, 356 in USA 328 role of in organic farming 323-4, 329-31, 333-5, 346 Integrated Soil Fertility Management 231-3 Intensification (of agriculture) 6, 20-6, 119-24, 344 Intercropping 297 Internationalization (see globalization, and trade) International Trade Law 140 Industrialization (of agriculture) (see intensification) Intellectual Property Rights (see TRIPS) Interdisciplinarity 169, 336 in organic research 176, 340 Irrigation (see water) ISOFAR 330 Kenya livestock farming 260-1 organic farming in 161-2, 334 Knowledge (see extension, indigenous organic, research) Labelling (see also certification) 135, 141-4, 150, 329, 349-50 Labour (see also organic-labour) 220, 296, 359 Land (see also soils) degradation 10-11, 283 loss (of agricultural land) 4, 10-11, 283 372

pressure on 4, 23-6, 260, 283 reclamation 162, 217 tenure 170, 227, 291 use (and) disease management 244, 255, 261-4 future scenarios 291 Landscape(s) 327-8, 355 Large scale conversion 290 (and) food security 301-12 Latin America (see also Argentina) organic farming in 155-7, 159-60, 165, 298, 329 LEISA (see Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture) Liberalization (see also globalization; Internationalization; trade) 54-5, 63-5, 149 Life Cycle Assessment 349, 351 Limits to growth 55, 104-5 Livelihoods (see also smallholders, socioeconomic impacts) 170-1, 297 Livestock 244-76, 32-3 husbandry (in) Northern systems 251-5 (in) Southern systems 251, 255-64 intensification of 285 impact on food security 286 organic disease management 251-76, 362 potential of 244-7 transition to organic 271-2, 290-2 Local (see also breeds; varieties) knowledge (see indigenous) markets 38 production and trade 82, 94-5 (and) organic systems 69-70, 101-102, 158, 168, 350, 358 Low external input areas conversion to organic farming 305 effect of organic agriculture 287 Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture 102, 224-6, 268, 299, 314-5, 365 adoption problems 227 experiences with 224-8 (comparison with) organic farming 161, 172, 228-9, 231-3, 359-60 principles of 224 yields 225 Marginalization (of) land (see also land) 4 (of) smallholders (see also smallholders) 4 Manure(s) green 169-70, 226-7 use of 5-6, 231 Market(s) (see also globalization, liberalization, local; organic (farming); trade) access (to) 137-8, 140, 142-3, 221, 229, 288 distortions of 4, 138-9 economics 90, 346 international (see also trade; international, globalization) 98, 345-6 local (for) organic produce 28, 32, 359 (in)stability of 64-5, 98-9, 136 Material Flow Accounting 113, 128-9 Meat growing demand for 4, 9, 282, 285 Mechanization 5-6, 8 Mixed farming 245 Monocropping 8-9, 354 Multicriteria analysis 113, 129 Mulches 169-70 Multifunctionality 58 (of) organic systems 168-70, 325-7 Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) 145-7, 350 Nature intrinsic value of 83-90 services from 91, 94-7, 327 Nearness principle (the) 69, 108, 162, 348, 352 Neo-classical (see market economics) Neo-liberalism (see liberalization, Free trade) Networks 171 NGOs role in organic farming 159, 171, 229, 246, 334-5, 344 Nitrogen biological fixation of 14, 169-70, 288 efficiency 188-90 373

environmental impacts of 12-3 nitrates in groundwater 15 global nitrogen cycle 12-5 transformation of 12, 14 Non governmental organizations (see NGOs) Nutrient(s) (see also Nitrogen, Phosphorus) cycles, 31 global 12-5, 31, 354 urban rural 32, 181-209, 361-4 deficits 216-40 depletion 23, 228 global transfers of 24, 354 (in) organic farming 31, 182-6, 230 recycling 184-209, 361-4 and livestock 243 surpluses 183-8, 354 OECD 65,327 Organic (farming/agriculture) asset building 105 certified (see also certification) 26-9, 154-9, 337, 345-6, 352-8, 362-5 in sub-saharan Africa 229 challenges to 51, 97-102, 136, 348, 363 like products 140-2, 349 consumption 26, 30, 32, 355 conventionalisation of 77, 348-53 development benefits of 326, 329, 336 differences between North and South 154-5, 164-5, 171, 287-92, 328-9, 333-5, 355-65 diversification (in) 299, 348 economic returns to 15, 164, 167-8, 229, 287-92, 294-301 environmental benefits of 31-2, 155, 169, 327-9, 354-5, 359 evolution of 28-9, 94, 155-6 export oriented 2, 26, 28-30, 32-8, 102, 106, 108, 145, 288, 299, 329-30, 344-6, 348-9, 362 (and) globalization 26-30, 51, 64-7,78-84, 325, 344-7, 353, 362 heterogeneity in 156-7, 280, 287, 324 institutional support for 28, 171, 174-6, 229, 329-31, 337, 346-7, 356-7 knowledge base 154, 163, 175, 298, 325 labour requirements 168, 171, 254, 296 legal issues 140-8 (and) Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture 228, 299, 325-40, 359-60 markets 27-9, 158-9, 168 access to 135 opportunities 27-9, 103-6, 138-9, 365 pressures 29, 105-6 non-certified 70, 97, 102-6, 159-64, 228, 254, 299, 316, 325, 345-6, 356-60, 364-5 perceptions of 153, 164 policy evaluations (see also institutional environment, State role of) 325-7 premia 155, 159-60, 166, 169-70, 173-6, 178, 228-9, 325, 347, 351, 360 principles of (see also organic: values of) 29-31, 78-9, 101, 347-9, 351-3, 362-5 applied to livestock disease management 244, 362 productivity of 125, 165-7, 176, 287-96, 299-301, 303-13, 356, 359 profitability (see organic- economic returns) (as) provider of public goods 301, 325 (and) smallholder livelihoods (see also smallholders, socio-economic impacts) 31, 103-106, 155, 158, 170-2, 228-31, 245-6, 287-90, 352, 356, 364 (and) social capacity 32, 69, 106, 296 (and) soil fertility (see also soil fertility organic) 31, 228-31, 292-6, 356, 359-62 spin-offs to conventional agriculture 107, 175 standards 76-9, 171, 228, 349-51 (and) sustainability 51-3, 79-84, 102-6, 155, 325, 336, 346, 355-66 concerns about 230, 280 transitions to farm level 157, 164-7, 174, 245-7, 271-2, 278, 287, 293, 299, 328, 334-5 global level 302-17, 355-60, 365 374

trends in 26-30 values of (see organic: principles of) veterinary approaches 247 yields (see organic farmingproductivity) Participatory approaches 130, 279, 298, 359 Pastoralism 245 Pathogens 198, 250 Permaculture 161 Pest control 292 biological means 340, 359 Pesticides levels of use of 4, 6-7, 354 problems associated with 4, 15-6, 279, 327 Phosphorus 226-8, 230, 360-1 depletion of 23, 189-90, 354 Policy (see institutional environment) Political ecology 49-74, 82, 346, 354 Population growth and agricultural production 5, 83 and food security 219, 286 Precautionary principle 83-4, 146, 353 Preferential treatment (in trade - see tariffs) Preventative treatment (of disease) 272 Processing 4, 34-5 Procurement (institutional) 41 Production cycle economic view of 121-23 Property rights 61 Public goods 325 Recycling (see nutrients) Regional development 337-8 Research 102 (and) fragmentation of knowledge 177, 336 Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D) 336 in organic farming 161-4, 328, 330-3, 355-6 an agenda for 173-6, 324-40 documentation of 332-3 prospects for 324, 337-9 shortcomings of 333-5 partnerships for 336 Resource consumption (see also energy use) 3, 60, 182 Retailing 348 Rinderpest 242, 261-3 Rice Intensification Systems 225, 297 Risk 88, 146, 220 in organic farming 292, 296 use of external inputs 294 Rotation (of crops) 225, 337 Rural development 337-8 Sanitation (see ecological engineering, waste water) Sasakawa Global 2000 223-4 Scale (see also intensification) 119-26, 352 Seasonality and disease management 244 Set aside schemes 292 Smallholders (and) cash crops 17, 228-9, 298 constraints on (see also credit) 5, 215, 220, 226-7, 287, 296-301, 359 indebtedness 224, 279 (and) organic approaches 155, 173 potential of 20, 67, 103-6, 158, 170-2, 287-90, 306-13, 359 resilience of 217, 287, 299, 364 strategies of 163, 232, 293-4, 290-9 use of inputs 6, 163-5, 222-4, 227, 261-4, 359 Socio-economic impacts (of) conventional agriculture in the North 4, 16-26 (of) globalization 50-1 (of) green revolution 17-8, 279 (of) organic agriculture (in) the North 26, 303-8, 325 (in) the South 67, 280, 287-9, 293-4, 308-13, 325, 359 (of) waste treatment 186-8, 196-7, 200-8 Soil(s) (see also Africa) degradation of 10-12 erosion of 10-12 fertility 218-20 in sub-saharan Africa 215-40 restoring 220-32 (and) organic farming 31, 290-6, 375

360-2 (as) global commons 62-3 Soya production 20-4, 285, 354 Specialization agricultural 8-9, 347 Standards (see certification, labelling) 142-3 Staples (see food security) State (the role of) (see also institutional environment, subsidies) 186, 219-21, 247 Stocking rates 262 Storage and distribution 19 Subsidies 64, 135-8, 328-30, 344 domestic support 136-9 distorting effects of 136-9, 148-9, 296 environmental 138, 148-9, 328 export 136-7, 313, 344 (to) organic farming 328 Supply chains 4, 346-55, 362 concentration of 17-8, 345 Surpluses (dumping of) 4, 137 Sustainable development 3, 50-5, 114-7 definitions of 118-9 (vs.) ecological justice 51-6,75 and globalization 52-71, 79-84 (and) organic farming 31-2, 51-3, 79-84, 102-6, 155, 325, 336, 346, 355-66 targets 50, 70 World Summit for 142 Tariffs (see trade: barriers to) Technologies factors affecting uptake 165, 196-8, 220-1, 256 Thise Dairy Cooperative 36-9 Tick-borne (see diseases) Time 120-1, 351 Trade (see also fair trade, free trade, globalization, local, nearness principle, transport) alternative networks (see fair trade) barriers to 64, 77 non-tariff barriers 140-7, 350 tariffs 137 preferential treatment 144-5 (and the) environment 22-4, 59, 139-149 globalization (of) 4, 19, 20-6, 28, 57, 64-7, 135-6, 344-7, 352 impact on agriculture 3, 18 informal 263 internationalization (see trade: globalization of) local (see local: markets, production and trade) long distance 4, 9, 90, 94, 347, 362 negotiations 135-7, 362 (in) organics 2-3, 24, 28, 31, 34, 42, 54-5, 66, 72, 76-108 (and) spread of disease 263 (and) supply chains 4, 9, 33, 54-5, 77 (and) sustainability 2, 3, 59 Traditional: breeds / knowledge / varieties (see indigenous) Transhumance 246 Transport (see also food miles, fossil fuels, local production, globalization, trade - international) (effects on) agriculture 6, 9, 224, 229, 232, 288, 362 and certification 351-2 costs of 103, 110, 224, 229, 232 environmental effects 3, 17, 32-3, 60, 76, 354 (and) globalization 3, 9, 19, 66-7, 70, 98-100, 103, 108 international (see long distance) (and) land-use 60-1 long-distance 3, 66, 70, 77, 354 (and) markets 2, 17, 66, 96, 103, 108 (and) natural resources 61, 101 (and) organic food 32-3, 70, 77, 98-100, 102, 108, 354-5 TRIPS 145-6 Trypanosomiasis 246, 259-60 Tsetse 246, 259-60 Uganda livestock farming 245, 263 organic production and processing 34-5, 103-6, 155-8, 226, 230, 292 Urban agriculture 209 Urban recycling systems 188-209 USA Local foodsheds (in Iowa) 39-41 Organic livestock systems 251-4 376

Variety (see also high-yielding, improved, traditional and indigenous varieties) (of) crops (of) diet Vaccination 268 Vector-borne diseases (see diseases) Veterinary practices 243-76 (and) antimicrobial drugs 242-54 Waste (see also socio-economic impacts) greywater 194-6, 200-9, 361 perceptions of 184-6 (constraints on) recycling 196-200, 205-9 treatment 186-208 urban 183, 190-1 Water harvesting 168, 170, 281, 300 irrigation 168, 221, 224, 227, 296 pollution 11, quality (of drinking) (see also eutrophication) 285 resources 282-3 Women and food security 280, 285, 299 and land rights 227 in organic farming 33, 297 World Bank 330 WTO 65, 98, 135-141, 144-8 and organic production 136-50, 346, 350, 362 Yields (see also agricultural productivity, cereals, organic productivity) changes over time 5-6, 283, 293 comparison organic vs. conventional 291-3 (and) food security 164-7, 283-96, 356-8 regional differences 5-6, 215-7, 293-4 Zero grazing 263-72, 362 377