Adapted Technologies for a Sustainable Protection of Water and Land Resources in the Southern Mekong Delta German Science Day 2017 20 years of Science & Technology Cooperation between Vietnam and Germany 01 March 2017 German Science Day - Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Prof. Dr. Franz Nestmann (KIT) Prof. Dr. Nguyễn Văn Hiệu (VAST) Institute for Water and River Basin Management (KIT) Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST) Land use in 2015 1 KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association www.kit.edu
Water situation Red river delta Water resources Dense river networks Red river delta in the North: high slope of river bed. Central: short rivers, high gradient Mekong delta in the South: low flat area, low gradient rivers East Sea Storms Linda 1997, Durian 2006, Hayan 2013, Rammasun 2014 West Sea Mekong delta East Sea East Sea Extreme floods Red river delta: 1971, 2008 Central: 1999, 2007, 2012 Mekong delta: 2000, 2011 Impact of sea, waves and tide Salinity intrusion 2005, 2016 Dyke attacks Drought El Nino 1997, 2005, 2010, 2016 (Source: Vietnam, Tan Phan, 2011) 2
Main constraints of development Flood and inundation Salt intrusion and drought Erosion and deposition Land subsidence CC and sea level rise 3
Flood and inundation Extreme flood in 2000 Mekong delta WEST SEA EAST SEA Red: Flood in 2011 Pink: Flood in 2000 4
Development of controlled surface water distribution Maximum water flooded dates in Mekong delta (Source: Duong Vu & Franz Nestmann, 2016) 5
Salt intrusion and drought Salinity intrusion into Mekong delta in 2016 1.2-1.6 million ha are influenced by salt water (4 g/l). If fresh water for irrigation purposes would be decreased then more than 50% of the delta area would be seriously impacted. Vam Co River estuary West sea Tien River estuaries Hau River estuaries U Minh Forest Wetland 6
Erosion and deposition From 1885-1992: Erosion in western Cà mau was 1,1 km 2 /year From 1885-1985: Deposition in eastern Cà mau was 1,2 km 2 /year. Nă 1885 đế 1992 xói lở phía đ g ũi Cà mau bình quân 1,1 km 2 / ă trong khi đ ồi phía tây ũi Cà mau bình quân ă 1885-1985 ũ g tươ g đươ g 1,2 km 2 / ă. 7
Land Subsidence (LS) Local Land Subsidence of 30 mm/a In-Sar based subsidence rates measured between 2006 and 2010 (Source: Erban et al., 2014) Land subsidence of 30 mm/a >> Climate change induced Sea level rise of 3 mm/a 8
(Source: Michale buckley, 2016) Water - Disaster Discharge gauges decrease Sediment settlement within the barrages (Tsukawaki, 2005) 9
Millions of Tons Constraints Rice production Shrimp farming Top rice export champion (2012-2014) India Thailand Vietnam USA Pakistan Land use conflicts fresh water vs salt water 10
Requirements Technology adaption to local boundary conditions Interdisciplinary approach (water sector, research & industry) Integrative strategies IT S LATE ALREADY: Solutions are urgently needed! 11
Project area Interdisciplinary project Involvement of Vietnamese partners (Source: KIT, 2017) Example: coastal and embankment protection in connection with alternative building materials 12
Groundwater sampling in February 2017 On-site parameters: NH 4 + Oxygen saturation Alkalinity Redox potential ph Temperature Electrical Conductivity (EC) Water level Well depth Coordinates Sampling groundwater for analyzing parameters in the lab: Cations, Anions Trace elements Water isotopes 41 sampling locations (Source: KIT, 2017) 13
Examples from the current praxis Concrete blocks Initial state After some months of operation (Source: DARD Camau, 2017) Current situation in February 2017, the concrete blocked were re-installed. Shore side Sea side (Source: W. Gonzales, KIT, 2017) 15
Examples from the current praxis Melaleuca fences Simple protection measure Rehabilitation of coastal area successful (Source: KIT, 2017) 16
Analysis of Hydrodynamics: where do the problems lie? Local scouring around circular piers Interaction flow - erosion 17
Alternative building materials Challenges and needs for hydraulic concrete structures Environmental loads and local materials Material degradation and service life design models Design of materials and structures Monitoring of condition and performance Optimization of maintenance and repair Water management demands hydraulic concrete structures that are highly durable (long operational life) sustainable (e.g. low carbon footprint) economical. Solution: Service Life Engineering 19
Components needed Reality is different Given Mekong Delta: only fine grained soil materials 20
Sustainable technologies for infrastructure materials Optimized for structural design needs: strength, durability (chloride, carbonation resistance, abrasion, etc.) Utilization of alternative binders to reduce resource consumption (fly ash, polymer modifications) Reuse and recycling (aggregates, crushed concrete, asphalt, ) Optimized structural design, dynamic and seismic assessment (hazards) building of protection measures with locally available materials 21
Energy - Solution Karst water management in Ha Giang East Sea 22 East Sea Potential tidal turbine in Mekong delta
Providing Energy in Lowland River Systems e.g. Stream Diver 23
Ecosystem assessment and protection The BIOFISH - towed underwater multi-sensor system for measuring water quality parameters Ensure existence of ecosystems despite coastal protection measures 24
Capacity development PhD Program - Institutional technical training - Involvement of local communities and of DAAD, GWP et al., Planned Vietnamese German cooperation Integrated solutions for sustainable development in the Mekong Delta - Land, Water, Energy and Climate Integrated research and development for practical implementation under consideration of ongoing protective activities Advisory board VNM-, GER ministries, VNM local authorities Regional land use and water planning Status of research, planning and implementation Existing/future water and land use, utilization claims Water resources: dynamics, functions, limitations, CC impacts Measure demand for sustainable water and land use managment Integrated regional land use and water management plan Water, energy and construction technologies Embankment & coastal erosion Energy & construction measures Controlled surface water allocation Groundwater quality and management Water & environmental services Green economy strategy Socio-economic and resource-efficient Agri- & Aquaculture Water demand management Utility governance, operation and finance Pilot- and demonstration measures Coastal and embankment erosion protection measures Lab- and field scale Smart monitoring technologies - Detailed land subsidence and vulnerability maps GIS-based comprehensive updatable integrated land use and water management plan Model facility with best practices in water supply and reuse and regenerative energy production Cross-linking VNM, GER and international R&D activities ODA activities, Infrastructure investors and operators, industries 26
Vietnamese partners and institutions Ministries and administrative institutions Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development (MARD), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE), Provincial People s committee (PPC) of Ca Mau province, Provincial People s committee (PPC) of Kien Giang province, Provincial People s committee (PPC) of Can Tho city, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of Ca Mau, Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Ca Mau, Department of Agricultural and Rural Development (DARD) of Ca Mau, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of Kien Giang, Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Kien Giang, Department of Agricultural and Rural Development (DARD) of Kiên Giang, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) of Can Tho city, Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) of Can Tho, Department of Agricultural and Rural Development (DARD) of Can Tho. 27
Vietnamese partners and institutions Research institutions Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology (VAST) Mekong Water Technology Innovation Institute (MWI) Southern Institute of Water Resources Research (SIWRR) Southern Institute of Water Resources Planning (SIWRP) Thuyloi University (TLU) Vietnam Institute of Geo-Mineral Resources (VIGMR) EE+E Institute of Environmental Engineering and Ecology NAWAPI National Center of Water Resources Planning and Investigation, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS) Vietnam National University Hochiminh City (VNUHCM) HCMC Institute of Resources Geography (HCMCIRG) Can Tho University (CTU) Can Tho City Institute for Socio-economic Development Studies (CISD), Climate Change Coordination Office of CanTho City (CCCO), Institute of Coastal and Offshore Engineering (ICOE), Institute of Environmental Engineering (IEE), Vietnamese German University (VGU), HUMG Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Vietnam Association of Hydrogeology, Hanoi, VD Office 28
Mekong International Workshop Second workshop : Appropriate Technology Solutions for Water, Energy and Land Management in the Mekong Delta, Cantho city, 14 June 2016 29
Mekong International Workshop Third workshop : Technology Based Solutions for a Sustainable Development of Mekong delta, Ca Mau city, 5 April 2017 Workshop Venue: Muong Thanh Camau hotel, Camau city 30
Thank you very much for your attention Xin cả ơ! 31