Effect of organic amendments on availability of different chemical fractions of phosphorus

Agric. Sci. Digest., 35 (2) 205: 83-88 Print ISSN:0253-50X / Online ISSN:0976-0547 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com Effect of organic amendments on availability of different chemical fractions of phosphorus Sarvesh Kumar, Ajaya Srivastava and Amit Gupta* Department of Soil Science, Gobind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 45, India. Received:5-2-204 Accepted: 20-05-205 DOI: 0.5958/0976-0547.205.00033.6 ABSTRACT A laboratory experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to investigate the effect of organic amendments applied through FYM @ 20 t ha -, vermicompost @ 20 t ha -, poultry manure @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha - respectively, on chemical fractions and availability of phosphorus. Soil treated with organic amendments incubated at room temperature and study of chemical fractions and availability of phosphorus at 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation. All organic amendments application increased the Olsen s P in comparison to no application of organic amendments respectively. Availability of phosphorus increased in the order of paddy straws @ 20 t ha - FYM @ 20 t ha - vermicompost @ 20 t ha - poultry manure @ 20 t ha - respectively. FYM @ 20 t ha - show significantly increased of saloid-p, Al-P and Fe-P but showed non-significantly increase in Ca-P. Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - significantly increased of all fractions of phosphorus. In general, the range of saloid-p, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P was observed 4.22-22.40, 8.45-32.43, 2.67-35.38 and 64.85-25.29 mg kg - respectively, while total P and available P in soil ranged from 35.38-423.2 mg kg - and 4.42-25.52 kg ha - respectively, in organically amended soil during the incubation period. Key words: Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P, Incubation time, Organic amendments, saloid-p. INTRODUCTION The major problem in case of phosphorus in the soil is phosphorus fixation, due to inorganic element like Al-P, Fe- P and Ca-P. In fixation labile P is converting into non-labile P form. The P fixation in soils depends upon many factors, namely the ph of the soil, organic matter content, type of clay and sesquioxides. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient. In spite of its wide distribution in nature, P is a limited resource (Adnan et al., 2003) and it is deficient in most soils (Vassilev et al., 200).The total P content in agriculture crops generally ranges from 0. to 0.5 percent. Deficiency of phosphorus leads to severe growth retardation, reduced tillering in cereal, poor quality and low yields. The content of total P in the soil ranges between 200 to 2000 kg ha - in the upper 5 cm soil layer, with an average of 000 kg ha - (Brady and Well, 2002). In Indian soils it ranges from 20 to 266 mg kg - soil. The main inorganic forms of phosphorus in soil are H 2 PO 4 - and HPO 4-2.Organic form is made available to plants only after mineralization to inorganic phosphates. The chemically predominant inorganic phosphorus forms in soil are Al-P, Fe-P, Ca-P, carbonate sorbed P and Fe oxide and hydroxide bound P. Phosphorus bound to Al, Fe, Ca constitutes the major active forms of inorganic phosphorus, while occluded and reluctant soluble forms of phosphorus are relatively less active. All forms of phosphorus exist in all soils but Al-P and Fe-P are more abundant in acid soils while Ca-P dominates in neutral and alkaline soils.organic soil P varies typically between 5 and 80 % of the total P in most soils. The distribution of P with depth also varies among soils. Inositol phosphate, phospholipids and nucleic acids are esters of orthophosphoric acid (H 2 PO 4- ), of which most organic P compounds consist. Of the total P, the approximate proportion of inositol is 0-50 %, phospholipids -5 % and nucleic acid 0.2-2.5 %. Phospholipids and nucleic acids are broken down more quickly than inositol, hence the large difference in concentration. Microbial residues, which contain stable esters, are believed to make up the remaining P compounds (Barber, 995; Havlin et al., 999). MATERIALS AND METHODS A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic amendments on chemical fractions of phosphorus in mollisol at G.B. Pant University Pantnagar during 20-2. Soil samples from several spots (0-5 cm soil depth) were collected from the experimental site. Composite soil samples were processed and analyzed for various physico-chemical properties. *Corresponding author e-mail: skg40875@gmail.com.

84 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST Initial physical and chemical soil properties of the experimental soil Soil property Mechanicalanalysis Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Textural classes ph (:2 soil:water Values Method employed References 45 40 25 Sandy-loam Bouyoucos hydrometer method 7.92 Glass electrode ph meter method ratio) EC (ds m - ) 0.37 :2 soil:water suspension by conductivity meter Organic C (%) Total P (mg kg - ) CaCO 3 (%) 0.7 Hydrochloric method Bouyoucous (962) Jackson (967) Bower and Wilcox (965) 0.7 Modified Walkley and Black method Walkley and Black (934) 206.7 HClO 4 HF method Murphy and Riley (962) Schollenbeger (945) Five treatments consisting different amendments on chemical fraction of phosphorus in mollisol. The treatment details as follows: TREATMENTS DETAILS T Control T 2 Soil + FYM @ 20t ha - T 3 Soil + Vermicompost @ 20t ha - T 4 Soil + Poultry Manure @ 20t ha - T 5 Soil + Paddy Straw @ 20t ha - Incubation study: 200 g soil sample would be treated as per the treatment (2 g of organic amendment used based on weight of soil taken in each sample) and maintained at field capacity moisture region detail for during incubation at room temperature, soil aliquots would sampled at 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40, and 60 days and analysed for total P, available P and chemical fractions of soil P. Saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca- P.Organic amendments like Vermicompost, Poultry Manure, Farm Yard Manure were collected from Poultry farm Nagla, Pantnagar and paddy straw was collected from tarai area of Pantnagar. Collection and processing of organic amendments: The collected organic amendments were processed air dried, crushed with the help of wooden roller, passed through 2 mm stainless steel sieve and stored in labeled polythene bags which were further used for analytical purpose. Collection and processing of soil sample: Soil samples of 0-5 cm depth were collected by help of khurpi from experiment site. The collected soil samples were processed and subjected to following analysis. Soil samples were air dried, crushed with the help of wooden roller, passed through 2 mm stainless steel sieve and stored in labeled polythene bags which were further used for analytical purpose. The inorganic phosphorus fractions was estimated by adopting standard analytical method that is ammonium chloride extracted phosphorus fraction (Saloid- P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P) suggested by Murphy and Relay (962). The amount of phosphorus in each fraction is calculated by using the following equation: P concentration in given fraction (mg kg - ) Conc. of P (mg L - )] x [Volume of extractant (L)] =--------------------------------------------------------------- Mass of soil (kg) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Saloid-P: The range of saloid-p was 3.28 6.64, 3.57 7.47, 5.90 7.76, 6.39 2.7, 5.79 8.0, 5.08 7.35, 4.78 20.99 and 4.4 22.40 mg kg - in 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation, respectively as shown in Table. The range of saloid P was 3.28-6.39, 5.3-4.66, 4.22-8.0, 6.64-22.40 and 4.82-3.42 mg kg - in control, FYM @ 20 t ha -, vermicompost @ 20 t ha -, poultry manure @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha -, respectively, during the incubation period of 2 to 60 days. Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - treatment show significantly relationship with saloid- P during the 2 to 60 days of incubation. All organic amendments show higher value of saloid-p as compare to control condition. FYM @ 20 t ha - treatment show increase the saloid-p concentration up to 28 days, after 28 days of incubation saloid-p was decreases. Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha - both are treatments show in initial days of incubation, saloid-p is increase up to 2 days then decreases. TABLE : Effect of organic amendments on Saloid-P in incubation period Saloid-P (mg kg - ) Control 3.28 3.57 5.90 6.39 5.79 5.08 4.78 4.4 FYM @ 20 t ha - 5.3 5.85 6.52 9.43 0.67 4.66 3.39.49 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 4.22 5.52 7.76 2.7 8.0 7.35 5.89 5.32 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 6.64 7.47 7.45 0.96 5.25 7.06 20.99 22.40 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 4.82 5.9 6.2.56 3.42 3.6.39.20 SEm± 0.29 0.38 0.35 0.40 0.30 0.35 0.29 0.39 CD (P=0.05) 0.94.2..28 0.96. 0.94.24

Volume 35 Issue 2 (205) 85 Al-P: The range of Al-P was 8.4-.77, 8.45-2.02, 0.56-6.77, 2.48-9.79,.90-25.63, 2.27-28.3,.39-30.89 and 0.90-32.43 mg kg - in 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation, respectively (Table 2). The range of Al-P was 8.4-2.48,.77-25.47, 9.35-2.54, 0.86-32.43 and 8.45-24.54 in control, FYM @ 20 t ha -, vermicompost @ 20 t ha -, poultry manure @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha -, respectively, during the incubation period of 2 to 60 days. In case of FYM @ 20 t ha -, vermicompost @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha - treatments increases the Al-P concentration up to 28 days of incubation and then decreases the concentration of Al-P up to 60 days of incubation. Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - treatment show significantly relationship with Al-P during the 2 to 60 days of incubation. Fe-P: The range of Fe-P was.77-5.09, 2.68-4.95, 3.36-9.26, 3.70-24.36, 3.73-30.2, 2.86-3.42,.69-33.59 and 0.32-35.38 mg kg - in 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation, respectively. During the incubation period up to 60 days Fe-P significantly increase in poultry manure @ 20 t ha - treatment. In case of FYM @ 20 t ha - treatments, Fe-P increases up to 40 days, while vermicompost @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha - show the higher value of Fe-P in 28 and 2 days, respectively (Table 3). Ca-P: During the incubation period the range of Ca-P was 64.85-70.59, 68.80-73.68, 7.5-78.96, 75.2-85.48, 73.07-96.57, 70.6-203.83, 72.78-20.58 and 67.7-25.29 mg kg - in 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation, respectively (Table 4). FYM @ 20 t ha - treatment show non-significantly increases of Ca-P concentration as compare to other treatments, while vermicompost @ 20 t ha -, poultry manure @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha - show significantly relationship with Ca-P concentration during the incubation period. In case of vermicompost @ 20 t ha - treatment, Ca-P concentration was increase up to 40 days and then decrease at 60 days of incubation, while soil treated with paddy straw @ 20 t ha - show higher value of Ca-P concentration is 99.35 at 28 days of incubation and then slightly decrease up to 60 days of incubation. Total P: The progressive changes on total P content in soil after incubation period are given in Table 5. The general trend of total P after applied of different organic amendments was poultry manure vermicompost farm yard manure paddy straw. In case of FYM and vermicompost condition the total P concentration increase from 2 to 40 days of incubation after 40 days the total P concentration decreases and in case of paddy straw condition the total P concentration increases from 2 to 28 days of incubation after 28 days the total P concentration decreases. While in case of poultry manure the total P concentration increase significantly up to 60 days of incubation. The range of total P was 352.89 367.38, 352.45 373.53, 352.7 379.9, 353.06 392.54, 353.84 402.55, 353.08 40.9, 352.05 49.00 and 35.37 423.20 mg kg - in 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation, respectively. The range of total P was 252.89 352.05, 360.86 404.96, 364.2 49.00, 367.38 423.20 and 363.68 382.5 TABLE 2: Effect of organic amendments on Al-P in incubation period Al-P (mg kg - ) Control 8.4 8.45 0.56 2.48.90 2.27.39 0.90 FYM @ 20 t ha -.77.37 4.9 8.47 9.22 25.47 24.29 22.99 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 9.35 0.07 3.04 6.44 2.36 2.54 9.79 8.86 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 0.86 2.02 6.77 9.79 25.63 28.3 30.89 32.43 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 8.45 0.72.8 7.35 23.80 24.54 22.49 9.75 SEm± 0.44 0.38 0.50 0.4 0.54 0.42 0.44 0.47 CD (P=0.05).4.2.57.32.72.32.40.49 TABLE 3: Effect of organic amendments on Fe-P in incubation period Fe-P (mg kg - ) Control.77 2.68 3.36 3.70 3.73 2.86.69 0.32 FYM @ 20 t ha - 4.8 4.26 9.26 2.62 22.88 28.73 29.69 25.65 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 3.28 4.63 9.57 23.75 29.29 28.43 24.29 22.99 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 5.09 4.95 7.70 24.36 28.38 3.42 33.59 35.38 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 2.67 3.33 4.9 2.0 30.2 27.83 26.99 23.58 SEm± 0.40 0.43 0.5 0.65 0.52 0.64 0.58 0.59 CD (P=0.05).27.36.63 2.05.66 2.02.84.85

86 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST mg kg - in control, FYM @ 20 t ha -, vermicompost @ 20 t ha -, poultry manure @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha -, respectively, during the incubation period of 2 to 60 days. It is shown in Table 5. poultry manure @ 20 t ha - showed significantly higher value of total P as compare to control. The general range of total P was 352.89-423.20 mg kg -. Dixit (992) also reported similar ranges of forms of phosphorus in tarai soils of Pantnagar. Total P observed in organic amendments soil was high as compare to organic amendments treatments. Such finding was also reported by Waldrip-Dail et al. (2009). Available P: The progressive changes on available P (kg ha - ) content in soil after incubation period are given in Table 6. The general trend of available P after applied of different organic amendments was poultry manure vermicompost farm yard manure paddy straw. In case of TABLE 3: Effect of organic amendments on Fe-P in incubation period Fe-P (mg kg - ) Control.77 2.68 3.36 3.70 3.73 2.86.69 0.32 FYM @ 20 t ha - 4.8 4.26 9.26 2.62 22.88 28.73 29.69 25.65 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 3.28 4.63 9.57 23.75 29.29 28.43 24.29 22.99 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 5.09 4.95 7.70 24.36 28.38 3.42 33.59 35.38 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 2.67 3.33 4.9 2.0 30.2 27.83 26.99 23.58 SEm± 0.40 0.43 0.5 0.65 0.52 0.64 0.58 0.59 CD (P=0.05).27.36.63 2.05.66 2.02.84.85 TABLE 4: Effect of organic amendments on Ca-P in incubation period Ca-P (mg kg - ) Control 6.83 65.23 64.98 68.73 7.24 7.2 70.98 63.9 FYM @ 20 t ha - 64.85 68.80 7.5 75.2 73.07 70.6 72.78 67.7 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 68.40 72.06 75.86 80.00 86.80 96.75 20.58 20.98 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 70.59 73.68 78.96 85.48 96.57 203.83 209.68 25.29 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 67.57 7.08 74.30 82.3 93.2 99.35 97.08 89.89 SEm± 0.65 0.66 0.60 0.62 0.59 0.64 0.5 0.7 CD (P=0.05) 2.07 2.0.9.96.87 2.03.63 2.25 TABLE 5: Effect of organic amendments on total P during incubation period Total P (mg kg - ) Control 352.8 352.4 352.7 353.0 353.8 353.0 352.0 35.3 FYM @ 20 t ha - 360.8 365.3 377.7 389.2 395.9 400.4 404.9 395.9 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 364. 370.0 373.6 380. 389.3 404.4 49.0 409.7 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 367.3 373.5 379. 392.5 402.5 40.9 46.8 423.2 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 363.6 368.8 373.2 377. 385.3 396.5 389.8 382.5 SEm± 0.72 0.68 0.8 0.70 0.9 0.84 0.62 0.75 CD (P=0.05) 2.27 2.4 2.58 2.23 2.87 2.63.95 2.38 TABLE 6: Effect of organic amendments on available P during incubation period Available P (kg ha - ) Control 5.25 5.38 5.53 6.37 7.22 6.89 7.4 4.42 FYM @ 20 t ha - 6.55 6.78 7.53 8.64 20.03 2.40 20.3 8.06 Vermicompost @ 20 t ha - 8.50 20.45 23.04 25.2 26.58 25.0 24.67 22.34 Poultry manure @ 20 t ha - 7.36 9.40 9.6 2.2 23.3 24.3 26.28 25.52 Paddy straw @ 20 t ha - 5.90 6.25 8.03 8.98 22.5 20.27 8.85 7. SEm± 0.2 0.28 0.26 0.2 0.32 0.25 0.26 0.33 CD (P=0.05) 0.68 0.88 0.85 0.69.00 0.8 0.82.06

Volume 35 Issue 2 (205) 87 vermicompost @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha - treatments the available P concentration increase from 2 to 2 days of incubation after 2 days the available P concentration decreases, another case of FYM @ 20 t ha - treatments the total P concentration increases from 2 to 28 days of i ncubat ion after 28 days the availabl e P concentration decreases. While in case of poultry manure the available P concentration increase significantly up to 40 days of incubation but after the 40 days the available P is decrease. The range of available P was 5.25 8.50, 5.38 20.45, 5.53 23.04, 6.37 25.2, 7.22 26.58, 6.89 25.0, 7.4 26.28 and 4.42 25.52 mg kg - in 2, 4, 7, 4, 2, 28, 40 and 60 days of incubation, respectively. The range of available P was 5.25 7.22, 6.55 2.40, 8.50 25.0, 7.36 26.28 and 5.90 22.5 mg kg - in control, FYM @ 20 t ha -, vermicompost @ 20 t ha -, poultry manure @ 20 t ha - and paddy straw @ 20 t ha -, respectively during the incubation period of 2 to 60 days. The range of available phosphorus was 5.25-26.28 mg kg -. Similar result observed by Bhatia and Harishankar (982). Availability of phosphorus increases in organic amendments soil due to large reductions in P sorption. These observations were consistent with the finding of Negassa et al. (2008) and also reported by Dossa et al. (2008). Phosphorus sorption decreased possibly due to the competition between phosphate ions and organic compounds that is phenolic, carboxylic and heterocyclic compound, for P retention sites in the soil (Zhang and Mackenzie, 997). Organic amendments treated soil showed an increase of availability of phosphorus due to coating of sesquioxide by organic materials that reduced phosphorus fixing capacity of soil Bharadwaj and Omanwar (994). CONCLUSION This laboratory experiment conducted to study dynamics of phosphorus in soil under different organic amendment treatments. Inorganic phosphorus fractions were determined by standard methods of fractionation explained by Murphy and Riley (962). The important findings of the present investigation are summarized below: Fractions of phosphorus were increased in soil treated with different organic amendment during the incubation period and ranged from 3.28-22.4, 8.5-32.43,.77-35.38 and 6.83-25.30 mg kg - of Saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P respectively. While poultry manure @ 20 t ha- treatment had highly significant role in increasing different fractions of phosphorus as compare to other treatments. The added P contributed to increase available P, Saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P which might be due to increase in soil phosphorus status by application of organic amendments. Maximum increase in the phosphorus availability was observed due to poultry manure @ 20 t ha- followed by vermicompost @ 20 t ha- > FYM @ 20 t ha- > Paddy straw @ 20 t ha- during the incubation period. REFERANCES Adnan, A.; Mavinic, D.S. and Koch, F.A. (2003). Pilot-scale study of phosphorus recovery through struvite crystallization examining the process feasibility..j. Environ. Eng. Sci. 2: 35 324. Barber, S.A. (995). Soil Nutrient Bioavailability. A mechanistic approach, New York & John Wiley & sons, Inc. Toronto: 2:20-2. Bharadwaj, V. and Omanwar, P.K. (994). Long-term effect of continuous rotational cropping and fertilization on crop yields and soil properties-ii. Effect on EC, ph, organic matter and available nutrients of soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 42: 387-392. Bhatia, K.S. and Hari Shankar. (982). Distribution of phosphorus in soils of the central alluvial tract of Uttar Pradesh. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 30:542-544. Bouyoucos, G.J. 962. Hydrometer Method improved for making particle size analysis of soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26: 464 465. Bower, C.A. and Wilcox, L.V. 965. Soluble salts In Black, C.A. (Ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II. Agron. 9. J. Am. Soc. of Agronomy. Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Brady, N.C. and Well, R.R. (2002). The Nature and Properties of Soils. PHI New Delhi. 3: 60-6. Dixit A.K. (992). Chemo-edaphological characterization of Bhabar-tarai plain transect soils of Ramganga-Kosi interbasin. Thesis. Ph.D. (Soil Science) G. B. Pant Univ. of Agric & Tech., Pantnagar. Dossa, E.L., Baham, J., Khouma, M., Sene, M., Kizito, F. and Richard, P.D. (2008). Phosphorus sorption and desorption in semi arid soils of Senegal amendments with native shrub residue. Soil Sci. 73: 669-682.

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