Satoshi Kawata Near-Field Optic s and Surface Plasmon Polaritons
Near-Field Optics and the Surface Plasmon Polariton Dieter W. Pohl 1 1. Introduction 1 2. Back to the Roots 1 2.1. Rayleigh and Mie Scattering 2 2.2. Surface Plasmon Polaritons 2 2.3. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering 3 2.4. Resonant Interaction of Particles 3 2.5. Small Structures Next to an Interface Between Extended Media 4 2.6. Small Apertures 6 3. NFO, SPP, and SNOM/NSOM 6 3.1. Aperture SNOM/NSOM 7 3.2. `Apertureless ' SNOM/NSOM 8 3.3. Photon-Tunneling Optical Microscopes 8 3.4. Theoretical Studies 8 4. Summary and Outlook 9 References 1 0 Near-Field Microscope Probes Utilizing Surface Plasmon Polariton s Satoshi Kawata 1 5 1. Super-Resolution and Wavelength Shortening 1 5 2. Near-Field Imaging for Super-Resolution 17 3. Surface Plasmon Polaritons 19 4. A Family of Near-Field Probes 21 5. Imaging Theory of Near-Field Microscopy 24 6. Spectroscopic Issues 24 References 26
Apertureless Metallic Probes for Near-Field Microscop y Yasushi Inouye 2 9 1. Introduction 29 2. Apertureless Metallic-Probe NSOM 30 2.1. Field Enhancement due to an Apertureless Metallic Probe 30 2.2. Principle of an Apertureless NSOM 3 1 2.3. Features of the Metallic Probe 3 1 3. Near-Field Imaging Using a Metallic Tip 33 3.1. Scattering of an Evanescent Field at a Metallic Tip 33 3.2. Observation of Surface Wave on a Periodic Structures 36 3.3. Biological Sample 3 8 3.4. NSOM Imaging in Reflection Mode 3 9 3.5. Multiheight Imaging 4 0 4. Near-Field Spectroscopy Using a Metallic Tip 4 5 References 4 8 Controlling Light Confinement by Excitatio n of Localized Surface Plasmons Ulrich Ch. Fischer, Alain Dereux and Jean-Claude Weeber 49 1. Introduction 49 2. Squeezing of the Plasmon Field 50 3. Localized Plasmons around Lithographically Designed Nanostructures 5 3 4. Light Confinement at the Apex of a SNOM Tip 56 4.1. Structure of a Tetrahedral Tip 5 8 4.2. Optical Properties of the Tetrahedral Tip 5 9 4.3. Surface Plasmons and Light Confinement in the Tetrahedral Tip 6 1 References 6 8 Spectroscopy of Gap Modes in Metal Particle-Surface System s Shinji Hayashi 7 1 1. Introduction 7 1 2. Characteristics of the Gap Modes 72 3. Observation of Gap Modes for Ag Islands on an Al Surface 77 3.1. Experimental Procedure 77 3.2. Absorption Spectra 7 8 4. Light Emission from SPP Modes Mediated by Metallic Nanoparticles 8 1 4.1. Experimental Procedure 8 2 4.2. Light Emission Observed 8 4 4.3. Contribution of the Gap Modes 8 6 5. Excitation of SPPs Mediated by Metallic Nanoparticles 8 8 6. Concluding Remarks 9 2 References 94
Near-Field Spectral Analysis of Metallic Bead s Takayuki Okamoto 97 1. Dielectric Function of Metals 9 7 1.1. Drude Free Electron Model 97 1.2. Interband Transitions 9 8 1.3. Size Effect 9 8 2. Scattering by a Small Metal Sphere 10 0 2.1. Quasi-Static Approximation 10 0 2.2. Field Induced by Oscillating Dipole 10 2 2.3. Scattering Cross Section 10 3 2.4. Mie's Theory 104 2.5. Spectra of Cross Sections 10 5 3. Scattering by Ellipsoids 109 4. Scattering by a Coated Sphere and by a Metal Shell 11 1 5. Sphere above Substrate 113 6. Scattering by Multiparticles 118 7. Optical Sensors Using Gold Colloid Monolayers 11 8 References 12 1 Forces in Optical Near-Fields Lukas Novotny 12 3 1. Introduction 12 3 2. Theory 12 4 2.1. Radiation Pressure 12 7 2.2. Dipole Approximation 12 8 3. Trapping by a Laser-Illuminated Metal Tip 13 3 References 140 Laser Trapping of a Metallic Probe for Near Field Microscopy Tadao Sugiura 143 1. Introduction 143 2. Mechanism of Laser Trapping 144 3. Laser Trapping of Metallic Particles 145 3.1. Radiation Forces on Metallic Rayleigh Particles 145 3.2. Radiation Force in a Laser Beam Spot 147 3.3. Experiment on 3-D Laser Trapping of a Gold Particle 149 3.4. Feedback Stabilization of Probe Position 15 0 4. Scattering Properties of Metallic Particles 15 1 4.1. Scattering Efficiencies 15 1 4.2. Near-Field Distributions Around a Metallic Particle 15 2 5. Laser-Trapping NSOM 15 3 5.1. Principle of the Laser-Trapping NSOM 154
5.2. Experimental Setup 155 5.3. Observations of Various Samples 15 5 5.4. DNA Molecules Stained with YOYO-1 Iodide 15 9 6. Summary 16 0 References 16 0 Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorptio n Masatoshi Osawa 16 3 1. Introduction 16 3 2. Enhancement Mechanisms 165 2.1. Electromagnetic Mechanism 16 5 2.2. Chemical Mechanisms 17 1 3. Electrochemical Dynamics Monitored by SEIRAS 172 3.1. Experimental Technique 17 2 3.2. Comparison of ATR-SEIRAS and IR-RAS 17 4 3.3. Time-Resolved Monitoring of Electrode Dynamics 17 6 3.4. A New Approach to Electrode Dynamics 17 9 4. Summary and Remarks 18 1 References 18 2 Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polariton s by a Focused Laser Beam Hiroshi Kano 189 1. Introduction 18 9 2. Theory of Localized SPPs 19 1 3. Observation of Localized SPPs 19 8 4. Thickness Measurement of LBK Films with Localized SPPs 19 9 5. Microscopy with Localized SPPs 20 2 6. Further Development of Localized SPPs 20 5 References 20 5 Index 207