STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ON WATER REUSE Valentina LAZAROVA SUEZ (France) Member of French ISO Mirror Committee, Member of International Water Academy and International Desalination Academy October 26th, 2016
Basic principles for development of Water Reuse Regulations (Irrigation) Safe water reuse practices (e.g., California 2000) Health-based approach (WHO 2006, Australia 2006) Regulation enforcement (e.g., water quality monitoring should be practical and economically affordable) Israeli Regulations for agricultural irrigation (1978, 1999, 2005) California Code of Regulations Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 3 Water Recycling Criteria (2000) WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture (2006) Australian National Water Reuse Regulations (2006) Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 2
France, 2014 California, 2000 Cyprus (no restriction) Cyprus (landscape) Greece Israel Italy, 2003 Spain, 2007 (private gardens) Spain, 2007 (crops eaten raw) Spain, 2007 (landscape) WHO 2006 Coliforms, cfu/100 ml Water reuse regulations for unrestricted irrigation Escherichia Coli Fecal coliforms Total coliforms 10,000 Pollution of secondary effluents from 1000 to 1 000 000 E.coli/100 ml 1,000 1000 WHO 100 250 200 100 100 100 Bathing water 10 15 10 10 1 2,2 0 Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 3
Australian National Water Reuse Regulations Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 4
Australian Water Reuse Regulations Phase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006) Type of use Log reduction Treatment process Water quality Dual reticulation (toilet flushing, irrigation) 4,5 to 6 Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection +cross connection E.coli <1/100 ml Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses) 3,5 to 5 Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection E.coli <1/100 ml Municipal use (restricted access) 1 to <6 Secondary + disinfection E.coli <100/ 100 ml Commercial food crops consumed raw 5 to 6 Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection E.coli <1/100 ml Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 5
Australian Water Reuse Regulations Phase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006) Type of use Dual reticulation (toilet flushing, irrigation) Log reduction 4,5 to Municipal 3,5 use (open to spaces, golf courses) 5 Theoretical Municipal 1 use (restricted access) 6 credit for to process <6 Commercial performance 5 food crops to consumed 6 raw (multi-barrier approach) Treatment process Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection +cross connection Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection Secondary + disinfection Filtration/ Disinfection, membranes, UV disinfection Water quality E.coli <1/100 ml E.coli <1/100 ml Treatment E.coli with <100/ Similar to California advanced disinfection 100 ml E.coli <1/100 ml Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 6
Australian Water Reuse Regulations Risk assessment - QMRA Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 7
Australian Water Reuse Regulations Risk assessment Log Removal Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 8
French Water Reuse Regulation June 25, 2014 Catégorie eau A Sans restriction B Sauf produits consommés crus C Pépinières, céréales, arboriculture sans aspersion Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 9 D Forêts sans aspersion MES mg/l < 15 Conforme à la réglementation des rejets d EUT pour DCO mg/l < 60 l exutoire de la STEP hors période d irrigation E. coli UFC/ 100mL Entérocoques fécaux (abattement en log) Phages ARN F- spécifiques (abattement en log) Spores bactéries anaérobies sulfitoréductrices (abattement en log) 250 10 000 100 000 Suivi : 1/semaine 1/15 jours 1/mois 1/mois 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 Performance de la filière de traitement (suivi 1 fois chaque 2 ans au lieu du suivi annuel de 2010)
European Directive on Water Reuse Minimum quality requirements for water reuse in agricultural irrigation and aquifer recharge Very complex document, impossible to follow and implement in practice V 3.1 Oct2016, discussed in Madrid, Oct 17-18, 2016 Mismatch from the most stringent CA and AU regulations with additional constraints for monitoring (from R&D studies) The only possible impact is to hinder any water reuse and stop all existing projects Key issues and inconsistencies Combination of health risk assessment and technical performance validation (log removal) Introduction of monitoring of antibiotic resistance and bioassays In addition to E.coli, monitoring of Bacteriophages and Clostridium (<1#/100 ml)! Additional on-line monitoring of water quality parameters and process performance High monitoring cost Estimated by Eureau at 0,5 /m 3 Unit cost of new parameters 1000 to 4000 /samples (bioassays and emerging contaminants) Overall cost for initial validation of reuse projects could reach 0,5 2 millions Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 10
Health Risk Assessment: QMRA??? Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 11
Reclaimed water quality criteria for agricultural irrigation Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 12
Reclaimed water quality criteria for agricultural irrigation Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 13
Reclaimed water quality criteria for agricultural irrigation Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 14
Reclaimed water quality criteria for agricultural irrigation Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 15
Reclaimed water quality for aquifer recharge Source Control Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 16
Reclaimed water quality for aquifer recharge Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 17
Reclaimed water quality for aquifer recharge Verification Monitoring Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 18
Reclaimed water quality for aquifer recharge Emerging Parameters Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 19
Reclaimed water quality for aquifer recharge Bioassays Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 20
Reclaimed water quality for aquifer recharge Antibiotic resistance Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 21
ISO 16075 (2015) Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation Part 1. The basis of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated) Part 2. Development of the project (FDIS validated) Part 3. Components of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated) Part 4. Monitoring (CD, committee draft) Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 22
Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation How to achieve adequate health protection and prevent potential adverse environmental impacts? Multi-barrier approach: guidance for water quality, treatment level, irrigation practices and other protection measures Definition of 5 water quality levels depending on health risks related to public access, type of irrigated crops, irrigation technologies Recommended good practices and additional measures to avoid negative impacts on soil, crops, groundwater and surface water Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 23
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 1. Suggested treated wastewater quality according to chemical, physical and biological parameters Cat A B C D E Very high quality treated wastewater High quality treated wastewater Good quality treated wastewater Medium quality treated wastewater Extensively treated wastewater BOD TSS Turbidity Type of treated wastewater Thermotolerant coliforms Intestinal Nematode mg L -1 mg L -1 NTU no./100 ml Egg L -1 Ave Max Ave Max Ave Max 95%ile Max Ave Max 5 mg/ L 10 mg/ L 20 mg/ L 60 mg/ L 20 mg/ L 10 mg/l 20 mg/l 35 mg/l 100 mg/l 35 mg/l 5 mg/l 10 mg/l 30 mg/l 90 mg/l 10 mg/l 25 mg/l 50 mg/l 140 mg/l 2 5 - - - - - - - - - - 10 or below the detection limit 100 - - 200 1000 - - 1000 10000 1 - - - 1 5 - - 1 5 Potential uses without barriers Unrestricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of food crops consumed raw Restricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of processed food crops, Agricultural irrigation of non-food crops, Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops Potential corresponding treatment Secondary, contact filtration or membrane filtration and disinfection Secondary, filtration and disinfection Secondary and disinfection Secondary or High rate clarification with coagulation, flocculation stabilization ponds and wetlands Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 24
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 2. Suggested types and accredited number of barriers (adapted from WHO 2006 and USEPA 2012) Type of barrier Drip irrigation Spray and sprinkler irrigation Additional disinfection in field Sun resistant cover sheet Pathogen die-off Produce washing before selling to the customers Application Irrigation of food crops Drip irrigation of low-growing crops such as 25 cm or more above from the ground Drip irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more above from the ground Subsurface drip irrigation where water does not ascend by capillary action to the ground surface Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of low-growing crops such as 25 cm or more from the ground Pathogen reduction (log units) Number of barriers 2 1 4 2 6 3 2 1 Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more from the ground 4 2 Low level disinfection 2 1 High level disinfection 4 2 In drip irrigation, where the sheet separates the irrigation from the vegetables Die-off support through irrigation cessation or interruption before harvest Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with drinking water 2-4 1 0.5-2 per day (1) 1-2 (1) 1 1 Produce disinfection before selling to the customers Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with a weak disinfectant solution and rinsing with drinking water 2 1 Produce peeling Peeling of fruits and root crops 2 1 Produce cooking Immersion in boiling water or under high temperature until the product is cooked Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 25 6-7 3
ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 3. Components of water reuse projects for irrigation Examples of recommendations Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 26
Conclusions The European Paradox Vegetables from: Spain Israel Mediterranean Countries > 100 E. Coli Vegetables from: Italy To the Market 11 E. Coli Source: P.P.Abis Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 27
Conclusions Water Reuse Safety Plans Lazarova Water Reuse Regulations, Oct27, 2016 28