Institute of Ag Professionals Proceedings of the 2012 Crop Pest Management Shortcourse & Minnesota Crop Production Retailers Association Trade Show www.extension.umn.edu/agprofessionals Do not reproduce or redistribute without the written consent of author(s). 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 1
Shaun N. Casteel, Purdue University Extension Soybean Specialist scasteel@purdue.edu, 765-494-0895 www.soybeanstation.org 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 2
Genetics Management Manager Executive Dept s www.toonpool.com The rest www.funnysalescartoons.com 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 3
A comparatively new and promising leguminous crop for Indiana farmers is the. This plant has been successfully grown in different parts of the state and at several points farther north in the U.S., and will. From the Purdue Ag Experiment Station, Newspaper Bulletin No 73, April 19, 1899: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 4
Culture. The The seed may be sown broadcast with the wheat drill, in rows 16 to 24 inches apart, or with the. For pasture, soiling or hay, sow four to five pecks to the acre. From the Purdue Ag Experiment Station, Newspaper Bulletin No 73, April 19, 1899: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 5
Cost of Seed. This makes the to justify growing soy beans as a general crop. From the Purdue Ag Experiment Station, Newspaper Bulletin No 73, April 19, 1899: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 6
Yield (bu/ac) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 USDA-NASS, 2011 Year 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 7
State 2010 Ac Yield Top Yield Mil n Ac bu/ac/yr bu/ac Iowa 9.9 0.44 52.5 Illinois 9.0 0.39 52.0 Minn 7.3 0.42 45.0 Ohio 4.7 0.36 48.0 USDA-NASS, 2011 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 8
Fertility Variety Selection Timely Planting Weekly Scouting Disease & Insects YIELD Manage Weeds Early <30 Row Widths Manage SCN Early 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 9
Challenges Corn 09 Soy 09 % % Unpredictable Weather 68 72 Variety/Hybrid Performance 34 36 Poorly Drained Soils 33 34 Weed in General 27 34 Disease 12 17 Nitrogen Mgt 33 3 Casteel and Nielsen, 2010 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 10
Yield (bu/acre) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 19 to 44 entries 2.3 2.9 North West North East Southern 56.7 2.7 3.4 54.4 3.2 3.9 52.1 2.3 2.9 48.8 2.6 3.4 46.7 3.2 3.9 Maturity Group Range 57.5 3.6 4.3 55.0 12% 17% 16% 15% 25% 23% 11% 10% 15% Difference Between High and Low Yielding Varieties 3.2 4.6 48.1 3.8 4.7 56.8
Is There Potential for Danny to be as Tall as Yao Ming? http://dnanewstoday.wordpress.com/2009/05/09/the-genetic-dimension-of-height-and-health/ 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 12
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FACTORS Weather Soils drainage, fertility Cultural Practices Diseases Insects Soybean Cyst Nematodes Others 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 14
New cultivars respond more favorably to intense management Planting date Fungicide seed and/or foliar applications Insecticides seed and/or foliar applications Seed and/or foliar applications of fungicides and insecticides can recoup potential losses to late plantings and average cultivars. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 15
2 Planting Dates: Early vs. Late 2 Varieties: RR1 vs. RR2 3 Foliar Treatments at R3 UTC Fungicide Fungicide + Insecticide: 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 16
W. Lafayette 1 st Planting 30-Apr 22-Apr 21-Apr R3 App n 12-Jul (73 DAP) 12-Jul (81 DAP) 6-Jul (76 DAP) 2 nd Planting 28-May 24-May 25-May R3 App n 26-Jul (59 DAP) 16-Jul (49 DAP) 12-Jul (48 DAP) 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 17
Early Planting Late Planting Difference of ~3 nodes at all locations Difference of ~10 inches at all locations June 28, W. Lafayette 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 18
Pods Per Plant 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 W Lafayette ns Early Late Early Late Early Late Averaged over variety and foliar mgt within location a b A B Fishers Protected LSD 0.05 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 19
Seed Mass (g) 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 14.0 W Lafayette A Early Late Early Late Early Late Averaged over variety and foliar mgt within location B a b A B Fishers Protected LSD 0.05 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 20
Yield (bu ac -1 ) 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 W Lafayette A Early Late Early Late Early Late Averaged over variety and foliar mgt within location B a b A B Fishers Protected LSD 0.05 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 21
Seed Mass (g) 17.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 14.0 B RR1 RR2 UTC Fung Fung + Insect Averaged over locations and 1 foliar mgt or 2 variety A a a b Fishers Protected LSD 0.05 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 22
Yield (bu ac -1 ) 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 A RR1 RR2 UTC Fung Fung + Insect Averaged over locations and 1 foliar mgt or 2 variety B b a a Fishers Protected LSD 0.05 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 23
Early Planting Date (within location) was generally greater in pod development, seed mass, and yield. Foliar Mgt (over locations) prevented brown spot infection and increased seed mass and yield due to active leaf area. No interactions of Planting Date, Variety, or Foliar Mgt. influenced pod development, seed mass, brown spot infection, or yield. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 24
70 65 60 55 50 45 a UTC Fung Fung + Insect a a a b b 40 April 25th May 23rd Averaged over 2.8 and 3.7 MG 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 25
70 65 a a a 2.8 3.7 60 b b 55 50 45 40 April 25th May 23rd Averaged over foliar mgt 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 26
Challenges Corn 09 Soy 09 % % Soil ph mgt 34 30 P and K mgt 26 27 N mgt 21 38 Weed mgt 25 24 Hybrid/Variety Performance 25 23 2 ndry & Micro- Nutrients 23 21 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 27
Potassium NW NE SE SW <100 ppm % % % % 0 to 8 inches 13 17 45 29 0-4 inches 9 10 20 14 4-8 inches 55 61 90 77 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 28
Potassium NW NE SE SW <100 ppm % % % % 0 to 8 inches 13 17 45 29 0-4 inches 9 10 20 14 4-8 inches 55 61 90 77 Leaf K Deficiencies 40 22 33 14 www.umn.edu 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 29
N P 2 O 5 K 2 O ------------lb bu -1 ------------- Soybean Grain 3.8 0.84 1.3 Stover 1.1 0.24 1.0 Total 4.9 1.08 2.3 Corn Grain 0.9 0.38 0.27 Stover 0.45 0.16 1.1 Total 1.35 0.54 1.37 International Plant Nutrition Institute 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 30
N P 2 O 5 K 2 O ------------lb acre -1 ------------- Soybean 60 bu Grain 228 50 78 Stover 66 14 60 Total 294 64 138 Corn 180 bu Grain 162 68 49 Stover 81 29 198 Total 243 97 247 International Plant Nutrition Institute 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 31
180 vs. 220 bu Corn Soybean Total K 2 O Recommended Yield (bu/ac) 180 60 K 2 O Rate (lb/ac) 70 105 175 Yield (bu/ac) 220 60 K 2 O Rate (lb/ac) 80 105 185 Short 10 lb K 2 O/Ac for following soybean crop 10 lb K 2 O 2.3 lb K 2 O per bu = ~4 bu Less Soybeans 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 32
2012-2014 Funding United Soybean Board States Minnesota Indiana Wisconsin Kansas Michigan Kentucky Iowa Arkansas Illinois 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 33
Seed V4 R1 R3 TREATMENT F, I, B Bio Def N Fert Bio Fung Insect 1 UTC........ 2 Biological A..... B.. 3 Fung: seed F....... 4 F + Insect FI....... 5 F + I + Biological B FIB B..... 6 Foliar Fert.... x... 7 Defoliant.. D..... 8 Fung: foliar...... F. 9 Insect: foliar....... I 10 F + I: foliar...... F I 11 Nitrogen.. N.... 12 Kitchen (no def) FIB B. N.. F I 13 Kitchen + def FIB B D N.. F I 14 Kitchen - N FIB B.... F I 15 Kitchen - Fung FIB B..... I 16 Kitchen - F and I FIB B.....
Seed Treatments of fungicide, insecticide, and/or biological did not affect yield. Biological at V4 or R3 did not affect yield Foliar Fertilizer at R1 did not affect yield Defoliant did not affect yield, though a numerical reduction at West Lafayette (2.6 bu/ac) 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 35
65 60 55 d cd b ab b a ab bc a b 50 45 40 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 36
65 60 55 50 b ab b a ab ab a b b ab 45 40 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 37
6 to 12 bu Difference With Variety Selection Plant TIMELY Fungicide Seed Treatment in Cool and Wet Soils Don t Skimp on Potassium Kitchen Sink Approaches Are Not the Answer Lay the Foundation New Directions with Nitrogen? 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 38
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Days to Reach R1 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 82 68 66 54 46 43 03/30 04/13 04/27 05/10 05/30 06/06 Planting Date ~520 GDDs 20-Jun ~2-Jul ~17-Jul West Lafayette, IN 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 40
Pod number plant -1 40 35 30 25 20 A A A A AB B 03/30 04/13 04/27 05/10 05/30 06/06 Planting Date West Lafayette, IN 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 41
Node number plant -1 20 19 18 17 16 15 A A A A B B 03/30 04/13 04/27 05/10 05/30 06/06 Planting Date 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 42
Days from R1-R7 90 80 70 60 50 = 0.174x - 275.9, R 2 =0.45 = 0.167x - 270.5, R 2 =0.47 40 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year MG3: Lafayette IN, 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 43
Yield (bu ac -1 ) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MG3: Lafayette IN, Early May= 0.43x - 813, R² = 0.67 Early June= 0.37x - 697, R² = 0.82 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year 55 47 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 44
At Planting: 200 lb N/Ac (urea + slow) Prior R1: 300 lb N/Ac (urea + slow) (Pedersen) 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 45
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Grain Yield (bu/ac) Grain Yield (kg ha-1) 7000 90 6000 75 5000 60 4000 45 3000 30 2000 15 1000 0 0 Zero N 500 lb N Yield = -460.9 + 0.26x 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year R. Year: **** Soybean N Trt: Station ns 2012, Casteel R. at Year Purdue University x N: - ns 47
Grain Protein (%) Protein (g kg-1) 50 500 480 460 440 420 400 380 360 340 320 300 46 42 38 34 30 Zero N; y= 62.9 0.012x 500 lb N; y= 87.0 0.024x 1928: 2% increase 2008: <1% increase 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year R. Year: ** N Soybean Trt: ** Station R. Year x N: ** 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 48
Grain Yield, Grain N Removal, Total Biomass, and Total N Accumulation increased across release years. N application DID NOT affect Total Biomass Total N Accumulation Grain N Removal N application DID increase Grain Protein 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 49
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Grain Yield (kg (bu/ac) ha-1) 7000 90 6000 75 5000 60 4000 45 3000 30 2000 15 1000 0 0 R. Year: **** 1923: 12% increase 2007: 16% increase 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year N Soybean Trt: **** Station R. Year x N: **** Zero N; y = -670.6 + 0.34x 500 lb N; y = -754.3+ 0.41x 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 51
Seed Mass (g 100-seeds-1) 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 11% increase across all release years Zero N; y= -10.4 + 0.01x 500 lb N; y= -9.4 + 0.01x 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year R. Year: x N Soybean Trt: ** Station 2012, Casteel R. at Year Purdue University x N: - ns 52
Vegetative N (kg (lb ha-1) N/Ac) 250 242 Zero N; y = -251.4 + 0.17x 220 500 lb N; y =-585.6 + 0.35x 225 200 198 175 176 150 154 125 132 100 110 88 75 66 50 44 25 0 22 1923: 11% increase 2007: 27% increase 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Release Year R. Year: * Soybean N Trt: * Station R. Year x N: * 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 53
Grain yield Biological N fixation supplied 70% of N for IL and 60% of N for IN grain yields in 2011 Fertilizer N increased seed mass by 11%; therefore replacing the energy associated with N fixation. Grain protein was NOT affected by fertilizer N, but decreased with modernization. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 54
Increased Vegetative N & Biomass may have: Prolonged stem and leaf greenness, N uptake or production, photosynthesis Increased stored N for remobilization 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 55
N environment was potentially non-limiting Soil uptake is cheaper than N fixation, and seed filling period was 12 and 14 days longer than Increased photosynthesis, greater pool of N for remobilization, and longer duration of N uptake all potentially further extending seed fill period. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 56
Increases in Total N Accumulation coincided with increased soybean yield across release years. Non-limiting supply of N increased: The quality of and The quantity of. 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 57
Theories and Claims: Foliar food: Energy source Surfactant Chelating agent Improves soil microbe activity Could attract pests Good for sweet tea! 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 58
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Purdue 3 lbs. sugar per acre at EACH application Nine Treatments Control Granulated sugar @ V4, R1, and V4+R1 Blackstrap molasses @ V4, R1, and V4+R1 Corn syrup @ V4 Molasses @ V4 Glyphosate applied separately 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 59
Soybean Yield of Nine Foliar Sugar Treatments Across 4 Locations in the Midwest 70 68 66 P = 0.60 Yield (bu/a) 64 62 60 58 56 UTC Gr. Sugar V4 Corn Syrup V4 Molasses V4 Blackstrap Molasses V4 Gr. Sugar R1 Gr. Sugar V4+R1 Blackstrap Molasses R1 Blackstrap Molasses V4+R1 Error Bars: SE of Mean 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 60
a a a b b Davis, 2009 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 61
Row Spacing Before 05/05 May Planting 05/06 to 05/15 05/16 to 05/25 7 35 30 25 15 50 45 40 30 75 70 65 7 vs. 15 ~15 days to canopy. 15 vs. 30 ~25 days to canopy. Purdue Corn & Soybean Field Guide 2009 2012, Casteel at Purdue University - 62
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