Perspectives on Desalination John S. Young, Jr., PE President, AWWSC October 13, 2009
Desalination Key Drivers & Challenges Drivers Challenges Risk of water shortage and restrictions Getting approval for the appropriate site Population Growth Energy Intensive Aging infrastructure Permit and political support Technology cost reduction Consistent water quality and quantity Cheaper alternative water resources Environmental opposition due to waste and brine disposal Financial constraints and rate increases Growth inducing 2
Global Desalination Capacity More than Doubled in the Last 10 years! 63.6 m3/d - 16,800 mgd WDR vol. 44. no. 33 - Sept 08 3
US Desalination Capacity Cumulative U.S. Desalting Capacity Has Doubled in Last Decade 2008 Data - 1432 plants online with 2132 mgd production - 29 plants in construction with 205 mgd under contract - 47 projects in the planning stage with 811 mgd proposed Source: GWI 10/06 and DesalData 1/09 4
Added Desalination Capacity by State (U.S.) 1995-2006 WA ME MT ND MN VT NH OR CA NV ID UT WY CO SD NE KS IA MO WI IL MI OH IN KY KY TN WV WV NY PA DE VA NC NJ MD MA CT RI > 500 mgd Hawaii AZ NM TX OK AK LA MS AL GA SC FL > 200 mgd > 100 mgd > 50 mgd > 10 mgd > 5 mgd > 1 mgd > 0.1 mgd < 0.1 mgd
Desalination Cost Trends Cost of desal water is decreasing Total Water Cost for Desal $25.00 24.6 $20.00 $/kgal $15.00 $10.00 7.57 $5.00 2.84 $0.00 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Source: Ionics Presentation 2003 6
Costs of Water by Source Convergence of Costs $/kgal 35 30 25 20 15 Marginal resources Recycling/Resuse 10 5 $5/kgal Conventional resources 1995 2005 2015 2025 2035 Desalination Source: Global Water Intelligence 10/06 7
Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant Largest of its kind in U.S. 25 mgd design capacity Treatment Process Disinfection Chemical Feed Coagulation/Flocculation Sand Filtration Diatomaceous Earth Cartridge Filters Two pass Reverse Osmosis 10,032 membranes installed Disinfection Stabilization 14 megawatt power demand 30-40% energy recovery 8
DELAYED MODIFICATION OF WASTE CLEANING SOLUTION DISCHARGE PERMIT VERY COSTLY 9
CARTRIDGE FILTERS NEW AND OLD 10
Tampa Plant Modifications Post Treatment RO Modifications Residuals Treatment DE Filter Building Pretreatment 11
Facility Acceptance Test Acceptance Testing was to demonstrate the sustainable and reliable operation of the facility. The overall reliability demonstration was a (30) day period consisting of a (16) day Run-In Period at 25 MGD, followed by a (14) day Acceptance Test. Acceptance Test were defined to demonstrate product water production for fourteen (14) consecutive days, during which the first seven (7) days were to be at 28.75 MGD, and the second seven (7) days at 25 MGD. 12
Tampa Acceptance Testing Parameter Guarantee Actual Product water flow average - week 1 Product water flow average - week 2 28.75 MGD 29.33 MGD 25.00 MGD 25.23 MGD RO Differential pressure increase 8 psi (Max.) <2.0 psi Pretreatment SDI - Primary <5 - all times 4.00 (Max.) Pretreatment SDI Secondary <4-90% 3.86 (Ave.) Power Consumption - kw-hr/kgal 15.74 (Max) <14.00 Sludge Production tons/yr 10,898 <6,000 Chemical Consumption Based on Each Each Under Chemical Max. Limit 13
Acceptance Test: Objective and Goal Acceptance Testing was to demonstrate the sustainable and reliable operation of the facility. The overall reliability demonstration was a (30) day period consisting of a (16) day Run-In Period at 25 MGD, followed by a (14) day Acceptance Test. Acceptance Test were defined to demonstrate product water production for fourteen (14) consecutive days, during which the first seven (7) days were to be at 28.75 MGD, and the second seven (7) days at 25 MGD. Operational Milestone Test Four month at an average production rate of 25MGD. In-Progress 14
US Desalination Market General Overview 1432 plants online or presumed online with 2132 mgd (8.07 billion m3/d) production 29 plants in construction with 205 mgd (779 million m3/d) 47 projects in the planning stage with 811 mgd ( 3.07 billion m3/d) proposed Of the 2008 capacity, 11% is SWRO, 75% is brackish water, and 14% is industrial high purity water supply. SWRO has increased 10% per annum while Brackish RO increased 3-5% and Industrial/other has increased 4% Most contracts awarded through Design-Bid-Build procurement approach rather than DBO Source: www.desaldata.com/wdr 15
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects Proposing Entity Location Water Type Cap. mgd California Marin Municipal WD SF Bay Area SWRO 5-15 SF Bay Area Regional SF Bay Area Brackish/SWRO 71 Santa Cruz/Soquel Creek Santa Cruz SWRO 2.5 California American Monterey SWRO 10 Sand City Monterey SWRO 0.3 City of Santa Barbara Barbara County SWRO 5-10 Los Angeles DWP Los Angeles SWRO 25 West Basin MWD Los Angeles SWRO 20 Long Beach Water Dept Haynes P. Plant Nano/Nano 9 Poseidon Huntington Beach SWRO 50 MWD Orange County Dana Point SWRO 15 Poseidon Carlsbad/ Encina SWRO 50 16
Representative Existing and Proposed US Desal Projects Texas El Paso Utilities/Fort Bliss El Paso Brackish RO 27.4 Brownsville PUB Brownsville SWRO 2.5 / 25 San Antonio Water Siystem. San Antonio Brackish RO 20 Brazos River Authority Lake Granbury Surface BRO 15.5 Florida Tampa Bay Water Big Bend/Tampa SWRO 25 28 City of Tarpon Springs Tarpon Springs Brackish RO 6 City of Hialeah/Miami Miami Dade County. Brackish RO 17.5 Coquina Coast Palm Coast SWRO 50 Other Areas United Water of NY Rocklin County Brackish RO 4 Taunton Mass Taunton River Brackish RO 5 17
Managing Public Concerns with Desalination Implementation Requires: Emphasizing Investment is Needed Exploring All Options Developing Meaningful Costs and Values Community Involvement Energy Consumption Minimization/Carbon Neutrality Strategy Mitigating Marine and Coastal Environment Issue Minimizing Concentrate Disposal Impact 18