Global Monitoring of Household Energy, Air Pollution and Health Impacts Heather Adair-Rohani 1
Presentation Overview Household Energy Use & Health Global Snapshot of Energy Access, 2014 Defining Clean to Maximize Health & Other Benefits Keeping Track: Enhancing Global Monitoring of Energy Access & Nexus Benefits 2
Household Air Pollution & Impacts on Health CO PAH PM NMVOCS NOx SO x Heart Disease Stroke Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Childhood pneumonia Lung cancer Cataract Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Cognitive development Tuberculosis Diabetes 3
Global primary polluting fuel use for cooking, 2014 In 2014, over 3 billion people primarily used polluting fuels for cooking 4
Deaths due to polluting fuel use for cooking, 2014 4 million deaths a year from household air pollution the largest environmental risk factor for disease Accounts for over half of childhood pneumonia deaths (the largest cause of death in children under 5 years) 2 nd largest environmental risk of noncommunicable disease in women of developing countries 5
What is clean for health? Normative guidance found in the WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion provide: Provides emission rate targets for PM2.5, and CO that determine whether fuel and technology combinations are clean for health Recommendations against kerosene and unprocessed coal use Emphasizes importance of addressing all main household energy end uses for health benefits 6
Burning Opportunity: A Shift from Non-solid Fuels to Clean Fuels & Technologies Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all Target 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services Indicator 7.1.2 Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the household level* 7
Advantages of Measuring CLEAN Household Energy Fuels & Technologies Goal 7 Indicator 7.1.2 Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all Percentage of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies at the household level* Excludes kerosene (a nonsolid fuel) Emission rates drive innovation in renewable technologies Currently there are no widely-available biomass stoves that can be considered clean, however with further innovation in new affordable and efficient home technologies (e.g. low-emission cookstoves), the articulation of this indicator allows for such innovations to be positively counted toward this target and others (e.g. Target 3.9) Clean HHE 8
What does the transition to clean mean for countries progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting? With the inclusion of kerosene for cooking. 2.9 3.1 billion people using polluting fuels for cooking only 9
What does the transition to clean mean for countries progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting? Some countries will need to re-examine their household energy access situation 10
What does the transition to clean mean for monitoring country progress towards achieving SDG 7 and reporting? We need to vamp up our efforts to monitor systematically household energy use and nexus issues by better measuring: Stove stacking Heating & lighting Time usage* Health impacts Gender dynamics 11
Enhancing the Monitoring of Household Energy WHO Global Health Observatory WHO IAQG ISO/IWA Standards SE4All Multi-tier tracking framework Clean Cooking Catalogue Multi- Stakeholder Survey Harmonization MEASURING PROGRESS OF SDG 7 12 Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health 6 October 2015
Ongoing Multi-Stakeholder Survey Harmonization Process WHO is leading a multi-stakeholder survey harmonization process with reps from country statistical offices, surveying agencies (e.g. MICS, DHS), researchers and other stakeholders (e.g. Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, WB) The main objective is to enhance and harmonize household surveys, particularly at a national-level, to account for all the fuels and technologies used in the home and their impacts on health, gender, environment, etc. Currently piloting survey instruments in different countries 13
WHO Mandate & SDG Reporting WHA Resolution 68.8 Air Pollution and Health strong mandate for monitoring air pollution and its sources, including tracking human exposure and disease burden associated with inefficient household energy use In May 2016, WHO released its first SDG report which include estimates for primary reliance on clean cooking fuels in 2014 In subsequent years WHO will be reporting: Primary reliance on clean cooking fuels and technologies Primary reliance on clean lighting fuels and technologies Primary reliance on clean heating fuels and technologies Composite indicator: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies (clean cooking AND clean lighting AND clean heating) 14
WHO Household Energy Database (as of March 2016) WHO has been monitoring household energy use and its health impacts for over a decade for MDG reporting, World Health Statistics, etc. The WHO HHE database currently houses data on the main energy source for: Cooking: 824 surveys, 161 countries, 1970-2014 Lighting: 174 surveys, 75 countries, 1963-2014 Heating: 42 surveys, 23 countries, 1980-2012 This data is then used in a statistical model to provide global, regional and country level estimates Modelled estimates can be disaggregated by urban and rural residence 15
A Closer Look at the NEW Survey Instruments a complement to the MTF Designed to be efficient and integrated into national level HH surveys and censuses Captures multiple fuels and technologies for cooking Main and multiple fuels and technologies for heating and lighting Cooking location Time use (e.g. fuel collection) Self-reported health impacts Decision-making More exhaustive and detailed list of fuels and technology options Short & long versions available in two formats (list and matrix) 16
*Q.1. What cookstove does this household mainly use for cooking? [0] No food cooked in household - > skip to Q.6 [1] Electric stove, Brand: - > skip to Q.4 [2] Solar cooker, Brand: - > skip to Q.4 [3] LPG/cooking gas stove - > skip to Q.4 [4] Piped natural gas stove More - > skip to Q.4 [5] Biogas stove - > skip to Q.4 [6] Liquid fuel stove, Brand: Manufactured solid fuel stove: [7] no fan, no chimney, Brand: [8] fan, no chimney, Brand: [9] fan and chimney, Brand: Traditional solid fuel stove: [10] no fan, no chimney [11] fan, no chimney [12] fan and chimney [13] Three stone or open fire [96] Other specify: extensive & harmonized fuel and technology options
Global clean fuel use in LMIC for cooking, 2014 18
Global population relying on clean and polluting fuels from 1980 to 2014
Global access to electricity and clean fuels from 2010 to 2012 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Urban, 79% Urban, 97% 30% 20% 10% 0% Rural, 21% Rural, 3% Electricity Clean Cooking Fuels
Top 25 LMICs by population relying on kerosene as main lighting fuel
THANK YOU AND ANY QUESTIONS? ADAIRROHANIH@WHO.INT http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/burning-opportunities/en/ http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.home http://www.who.int/indoorair/guidelines/hhfc/en/ 22