COST SHEET Samir K Mahajan
COMPONENTS OF TOTAL COST Prime cost: It is the aggregate of direct material cost, direct labour cost and direct expenses. Prime cost or Direct cost = Direct materials + Direct labour + Direct expenses Factory cost: It is the aggregate of prime cost and factory overheads. Factory cost is also termed as works cost or production cost or manufacturing cost. Works cost or Factory cost or Manufacturing cost or Production cost = Prime cost + Works (Factory) overheads Office cost: It is the aggregate of factory cost and office and administration overheads. This is also known as administrative cost or total cost of production. Total cost of production or Office cost = Factory cost + Administration overhead Total cost: It is the aggregate of office cost and selling and distribution overheads. This is also called cost of sales Cost of sales or Total cost = Office cost + Selling and Distribution overheads The difference between the cost of sales and selling price represents profit or loss.
Illustration 1. Find the Prime Cost, Works Cost, Cost of production, total Cost and profit from the following:- Direct Materials Rs.20000; Direct Labour Rs. 10000; Factory Expenses Rs. 7000; Administration Expenses Rs. 5000; Selling Expenses Rs. 7000 and Sales Rs.60,000. Solution: Prime Cost = Direct Materials + Direct Labour = Rs.20,000 + Rs.10,000 = Rs.30,000. Works Cost = Prime Cost + Factory Expenses = Rs.30,000 + Rs.7,000 = Rs.37,000. Cost of Production = Works Cost + Administration Expenses=Rs.37000+ Rs.5, 000 = Rs.42, 000. Total Cost or Cost of sales= Cost of Production + Selling Expenses = Rs.42, 000+ Rs.7, 000 = Rs.49, 000. Profit = Sales - Total Cost = Rs.60,000 - Rs.49,000=Rs.11, 000.
In the determination of different components of cost, certain adjustments have to be carried out for inventories of raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods as follows: Consumption of raw material (or) material used: It has to be adjusted with inventories of raw materials Raw materials used = Opening stock + Purchases Closing stock =Opening stocks of Direct material + Purchase of direct material Closing stock of direct material Opening stocks of Direct material + Purchase of direct material Closing stock of direct material Work-in-progress: It has to be adjusted with works cost (i.e., after computation of prime cost but before determining works cost) Works cost = Gross works cost + Opening work-in-progress Closing work-in-progress Finished goods: It has to be adjusted with cost of production (i.e., after computation of works cost but before determining cost of production) Cost of Goods Sold /Cost of production of goods sold = Cost of goods available for sale Closing stock of finished Goods = Cost of production + Opening stock of finished goods Closing stock of finished goods
CONVERSION COSTS Conversion costs are those costs required to convert raw materials into finished goods that are ready for sale. The concept is used in cost accounting to derive the value of ending inventory, which is then reported in the financial statements. It can also be used to determine the incremental cost of creating a product, which could be useful for price setting purposes. Conversion costs are all manufacturing costs except for the cost of raw materials. Examples of costs that may be considered as conversion costs are direct labour and related benefits Equipment depreciation, Equipment maintenance, Factory rent, Factory supplies, Factory insurance, Machining Inspection, Production utilities, Production supervision, Small tools charged to expense Conversion costs = Direct labour + Manufacturing overhead Illustration: ABC International incurs a total of $50,000 during March in direct labour and related costs, as well as $86,000 in factory overhead costs. ABC produced 20,000 units during March. Therefore, the conversion cost per unit for the month was $6.80 per unit (calculated as $136,000 of total conversion costs divided by the 20,000 units produced).
Cost Sheet: Analysis of Components of Cost Cost sheet or Statement of Cost: When costing information is set out in the form of a statement, it is called Cost Sheet. It is usually adopted when there is only one main product and all costs almost are incurred for that product only. The information incorporated in a cost sheet would depend upon the requirement of management for the purpose of control. An analysis of the total cost of production and cost of sales is carried out by preparing Cost sheet. A Cost sheet is an important document prepared by the costing department. Cost sheet is prepared to analyse the components of total cost, thereby determining (i) prime cost, (ii) works cost, (iii) cost of production, (iv) cost of sales and (v) profit.
FORMAT OR SPECIMEN OF A COST Direct Material Direct Labour Direct Expenses Cost Sheet or Statement of Profit and Cost PRIME COST Add: Factory overhead WORKS COST (or) FACTORY COST Add: Administration overhead COST OF PRODUCTION Add: Selling and distribution overhead TOTAL COST (or) COST OF SALES PROFIT SALES
Calculate (i) prime cost, (ii) works cost, (iii) total cost of production and (iv) cost of sales, from the following particulars: Raw materials consumed 30,000 Wages paid to labourers 12,000 Chargeable expenses Direct 1,000 Wages of foreman 2.000 Wages of store keeper 1,000 Electricity : Factory 2,500 Office 500 Rent : Factory 1,500 Office 500 Depreciation: Plant and machinery 600 Office furniture 200 Consumable stores 1,000 Manager s salary 3,000 Office printing and stationery 500
Solution:
From the following particulars, calculate: Cost of raw-materials consumed, Prime cost, Works/manufacturing cost, Cost of Goods sold, Total cost of production, Total cost and Profit Opening stock Raw materials 10,000 Finished goods 5,000 Raw material purchased 60,000 Wages paid to labourers 25,000 Directly chargeable expenses 3,000 Rent, rates and taxes 4,000 Power 2,500 Factory heating and lighting 2,000 Factory insurance 1,000 Sale of wastage of materials 500 Office management salaries 5,000 Office printing and stationery 300 Salesmen salary 3,000 Travelling expenses 1,200 SALES 1,75,00 0 Closing stock Raw materials 7,000 Finished Goods 10,000
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