EU Climate Change & Energy Policy and Nuclear Fission Research

EU Climate Change & Energy Policy and Nuclear Fission Research NUCLEAR 2015, Pitesti, Romania, May 2015 Research and Innovation Christophe Davies Project Officer European Commission DG Research and Innovation Unit G4 Fission Energy

Energy challenge & Climate change threat In the 50's Shortage of energy Energy independence Improve standard of living Help economic development Three treaties established incl. common approach to energy: 1952, Coal & Steel; 1957, European Economic Community & Euratom In yrs 2000 (energy & global warming concerns) Increase in global demand & prices Security of supply (Oil & gas reserves in few countries) Rise of greenhouse gas emissions Continuous need for growth & jobs 2007, launch of EU policies & measures, to deliver Secure, Competitive and Sustainable energy 2013

2007 EC Communication COM (2007) 1 : "An energy policy for Europe" This Communication from the Commission is the key starting point for coordinated actions at EU to address climate change and energy issues by providing: 1. A Strategic Review of the issues at stake 2. A set of policies required to achieve the goals of sustainable, secure and competitive energy 3. A Framework for an action plan

Strategic review of the issues at stake (1) SUSTAINABILITY: EU energy policies of the time not sustainable Energy = 80% of EU greenhouse gas (GHG) emission 1 Energy & transport policies if no change = 5% more EU CO2 emissions by 2030 & 55% world-wide. EU commitment SECURITY OF SUPPLY International Energy Agency (IEA) 2 2006 forecast global oil demand 41% increase by 2030 Some Member States (MS) dependent on single gas supplier Europe also more & more dependent on imported hydrocarbons & if no change: Energy consumption dependence: 50% today, 65% in 2030 Gas: 57% to 84%, Oil: 82% to 93% Electricity: + 1.5% / year Investment needed in electricity generation in next 25 yrs: 900 billion 1) European Environment Agency, 2006; 2) IEA world energy outlook, 2006

Strategic Review of the issues at stake (2) COMPETITIVENESS: EU exposed to price volatility & rises of hydrocarbons "2006 hypothesis of oil price at 100 $/barrel in 2030!! vs 60 $ then = increase of EU-27 energy total import bill by 170 billion & + 350 for every EU citizen / yr Consideration of 1. An Internal Energy Market to stimulate fair and competitive energy prices, energy savings and higher investment 2. Carbon constraints to promote investments in the electricity sector 3. Boosting investments in energy efficiency & renewable energy 4. Keeping global lead in climate change to enable & drive global research agenda

European Energy Policy the set of policies Framework & action plan documents for EU implementation 2007, Energy policy for Europe: COM (2007) 1 2007, SET-PLAN: COM(2007) 723 A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan 'Towards a low carbon future' 2010, Energy strategy 2020: COM(2010) 639 A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy 2011, Energy Roadmap 2050: COM(2011) 885 2014, Energy strategy 2030: COM(2014) 15 A policy framework for climate and energy in the period from 2020 to 2030 2014, Energy Security Strategy: COM(2014) 330 2015, Energy Union: (Juncker Commission & investment plan) COM(2015) 80 A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy http://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-strategy

Targets of the EU Climate & Energy package Based on European policy framework for Sustainable, competitive & secure energy 2020 COM(2010) 639 results in 2012 Impact in 2020 Impact in 2030 2020 30 period COM(2014) 15 2050 Energy Roadmap COM(2011) 885 reduction CO2 emissions 20% 18% 24% 32% 40% 80 95% share of renewable sources 20% 14.1% 21% 24% 27% 55% + increase energy efficiency 20% Directive 2012, transposition by 2014 Estimate 18 19% _ 27% _ Electricity interconnection 10% 15% _

EU decarbonisation scenarios 2030 and 2050 range of fuel shares in primary energy consumption compared with 2005 outcome (%) (energy roadmap 2050)

Action plan The action plan of the 2007 Energy policy for Europe 1. The Internal Energy Market 2. Solidarity between Member States and security of supply for oil, gas and electricity 3. A long-term commitment to greenhouse gases reduction and the EU Emissions Trading System 4. An ambitious programme of energy efficiency measures at Community, national, local and international level 5. A longer term target for renewable energy 6. A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan 7. Towards a low CO2 fossil fuel future 8. The future of nuclear 9. An International Energy Policy that actively pursues Europe's interests 10.Effective monitoring and reporting

The future of nuclear Energy policy COM (2007) 1 Benefits: One third of the electricity and 15% of the energy consumed in the EU One of the largest sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) free energy in Europe & contributes to limiting CO2 emissions within the EU When chosen, will be part of an energy scenario for significant emission reductions in the coming decades Less vulnerable to fuel price changes than coal or gas-fired generation (uranium being a small part of total cost of electricity generated & resources are sufficient for many decades & widely distributed around the globe) One of the cheapest sources of low carbon energy produced in the EU and with relatively stable costs The next generation of nuclear reactors should reduce these costs further Forecasts: IEA forecast (2006) increased world-wide use of nuclear power (368 GW in 2005, 416 GW in 2030) Recognised economic benefits in maintaining & developing the technological lead of the EU in this field. EU role to develop the most advanced framework for nuclear energy to ensure the highest standards of safety, security and non-proliferation as required by the Euratom Treaty. Down sides: However, nuclear power also raises important issues regarding waste and decommissioning so nuclear waste management and decommissioning should also be included in future Community work.

Sources of electrical energy comparison Energy sources Technology considered for the cost estimate Projected Cost 2030 2005 Cost ( / MWh) ( / MWh with GHG emissions EU-27 Import dependency 20-30/tCO2) (Kg Source IEA CO2eq/MWh) 2005 2030 Efficiency Fuel price sensitivity Proven reserves / Annual production Open cycle gas 45 70 55-85 440 40% Very high turbine Natural gas 57% 84% 64 years CCGT (Combined 35-45 40-55 400 50% Very high Cycle Gas Turbine) Oil Diesel engine 70-80 80-95 550 82% 93% 30% Very high 42 years Coal PF (Pulverised Fuel with flue gas desulphurisation) CFBC (Circulating fluidized bed combustion) IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) 30-40 45-60 800 40-45% medium 35-45 50-65 800 40-45% medium 39% 59% 40-50 55-70 750 48% medium Almost 100% Nuclear Light water reactor 40-45 40-45 15 for uranium 33% low ore Biomass Biomass generation plant 25-85 25-75 30 30-60% medium Wind On shore 35-175 28-170 35 110 28 80 30 95-98% Off shore 50-170 50-150 60 150 40 120 10 95-98% Hydro Large 25-95 25-90 20 nil 95-98% Small (<10MW) 45-90 40-80 5 95-98% nil Solar Photovoltaic 140-430 55-260 100 / 155 years Reasonable reserves: 85 years R e n e w a b l e

SET-PLAN COM(2007) 723 The European Strategic Energy Technology Plan: Is about developing affordable and competitive low carbon energy technologies while achieving the EU energy strategies 2020-2030-2050 The aim is to encourage establishment of European Industrial Initiatives (EII) led by Industry. The EII include research, demonstration & deployment of low-carbon energy technologies. The main sectors covered are: The European Industrial Bioenergy Initiative The European CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage Initiative The European Electricity Grid Initiative The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH) JTI The Sustainable Nuclear Initiative Energy Efficiency The Smart Cities Initiative The Solar Europe Initiative The European Wind Initiative The European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) on materials

SET-PLAN Other energy sectors concerned:

The European Sustainable Nuclear Industrial Initiative (ESNII) 2040: Target for the deployment of Gen-IV Fast Neutron Reactors with Closed Fuel Cycle. ESNII TF under the umbrella of SNETP, a task force with 20 members (10 industry, 10 research) 5 b 1.96 b 1.2 b 2.65 b Total estimated cost: 10.81 b

Multiple funding instruments for the SET-PLAN energy technologies EU Framework Programmes: H2020 Non-nuclear energy (2014-2020) = 5.8 billion Euratom Fission (2014-2018) for reactor systems incl. ESNII, RWM, Radiation Protection & horizontal aspects = 315 million Directorate-General for Energy European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR), Regulation (EC) No 663/2009 To address Europe's economic crisis and European energy policy objectives to co-finance EU energy projects on gas and electricity infrastructure, offshore wind energy and carbon capture and storage projects 4 billion to 59 energy projects {44 gas & electricity infrastructures, 9 offshore wind & 6 carbon capture and storage (CCS)} Directorate-General for Climate Action NER300 programme: Decision C(2010) 7499 To demonstrate commercial scale technologies for CCS & renewable energy (RES) in the EU Call 1 (11/2011) = 1.1 billion to 20 renewable energy projects Call 2 (07/2014) = 1 billion to 18 renewable energy projects Energy Union, 2015, see below EEPR- http://ec.europa.eu/energy/eepr/ NER300 - http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/lowcarbon/ner300/index_en.htm

The Energy Union a priority of the Juncker Commission A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy 28/02/2015, COM(2015) 80 Objective: Re-inforce the energy & climate 2030 & energy security strategies Increase the move towards an integrated energy market and create new jobs and growth COM(2015) 82

Energy Union The investment plan COM(2014) 903 Strategic investments of European significance for Investment plan - http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/jobs-growth-investment/plan/index_en.htm Energy union - http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union/index_en.htm

Funding for the EIIs & technologies EC JRC report, Capacity Mapping: R&D investment in SET-Plan technologies, EUR 27184 EN Summary of funds available for R&D in SET-Plan technologies in 2011 from national, EU and corporate sources. Data source IEA & JRC http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/jrc95364/jrc95364_cm2011_final_online.pdf

EURATOM Fission RTD Work Programme ~ 20% Geological disposal ~ 40% Reactor systems Safety of existing nuclear installation Advanced nuclear systems for increased safety Partitioning, Transmutation and fuel cycle Cross-cutting aspects ~ 20% Radiation protection ~ 20% Research infrastructures Training and mobility Cross-cutting Grand Total: Euratom Fission ~ 50 Mi / Year Is ~ 10 % EU Public/Private R&D

Conclusion THE ROLE OF THE EU To support Excellence To play a more catalyzing and leveraging role To develop an efficient European Research Area and support to a EU Climate and Energy policy the implementation of such a policy implies constant dialogue and concerted actions between stakeholders notably for the support of methodological & technical developments role of Technology Platforms, of Industrial Alliances but also of better support to coordination and cooperation between Member States

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION