Multifunctinalities of paddy fields and multiple uses of agricultural water Kinki University N. Hatcho
Long history of rice cultivation Cultivation for more than 2,500 years Deeply rooted in society (culture, custom, tradition or religion) Rice is the staple food in Japan (22% of calorie supply). Paddy cultivation is the most suitable form of agriculture harmony with environment Rice planting festival => knowledge transmission?
Historical Improvements
Paddy fields multiple functions Economic functions - production rice, fish, duck, frog, etc, employment and income Regulating function water/flood storage, GW recharge, climate control Environment functions - Rich bio-diversity Social and cultural functions - landscape
Multifuncitonality in rice fields
Disturbing trend Focus on efficiency in production Increased use of chemicals->environmental damages Infrastructure improvement for efficient management High production cost (8-11 times: JP/US) due largely to size of operation (about 100 times) Trade liberalization of agricultural products Minimum access (1995), Tariff (1999):780% Declining demand for rice (118kg- 65 -> 62kg)
Declining price and low return Paddy Field Area by Operation Size (Total:1.54 mil. ha) 9% 10% 9% 14% 22% 22% <0.5 ha 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 3.0-5.0 >5.0 14% 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Net Income by Paddy Farming by Operation Size (per 0.1 ha, 2002) Size <0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0-3.0-5.0 >5.0 Income 24 388 39 325 49 731 57 416 60 717 63 414 54 611
Effects Abandoned agricultural land area reached 0.38 million ha in 2005 Transition of agricultural land area Share of farmers over 65 has reached to about 30% of the farm household. 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 (%) (35.6) 農家 (31.3) 28.6 (27.8) 20.0 (22.5) 15.6 17.3 11.7 全国 12.0 9.1 7.1 1960 S45 S55 1980 1990 H2 H12000 H22 2010 H32 2020
Future Scenarios Continued abandonment of cultivation Further decline of rice consumption, less paddy fields 50kg for 100million -> 5 million ton =<1 mil. ha? How do we use/manage paddy fields that are not required for rice cultivation and how to secure the manifestation of multifunctionalities?
Higher values to environment and landscapes Valuing multiple function of paddy fields: 8.2 trillion yen Depends on the perception and preference: Region/Country Items (function) Assessment method Value (bill. Yen/y) Flood control Substitution 3,498.8 River flow stabilization Substitution 1,463.3 Ground water recharge Direct 53.7 Soil erosion control Substitution 331.8 Land slide prevention Direct 478.2 Organic waste treatment Substitution 12.3 Climatic mitigation Direct 8.7 Health care, recreaction Travel cost 2,375.8 Mitsubishi Res. Institute 2001
Comparison of Production Value (PV) and Multifunctional Values(MFV) PV($/ha) MFV ($/ha) Chinese Taipei 3,297 16,146 4.9 times Korea 11,062 15,775 1.4 times Japan 12,203 46,016 3.8 times (Source:AERC 2004 )
Who pays and manages paddy fields for multifunctionality? No paddy fields, no manifestation of multifuncitonalities Good management (good agricultural practices) enhance multifunctionality (minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits) Different perception and valuing by different group of people, region or stage of development Different stakeholders: national/local governments, Civil societies, farmer organizations,
Linkages of Agri-environmental policy measures Stringency of management/ Costs for management Environmental payments Env. Enhancing Practices Code of practices Code of practices Additional regulation in ESA (salinization) GFP Cross-compliance Statutory Regulations ( ex. pollution control ) Environmental sensitivity of the land Source: Uwe (2005) modified by the author
Legislative framework for agro-environmental measures Japan enacted the Basic Law on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Area(1999): fulfillment of multifunctional roles. Basic plan to realize the policy objectives was established in 2000 and 2005. Revision of the Land Improvement Law (2001):more attention to environment, the Nature Restoration Law and New National Strategy of Biodiversity enhancement (2002) Guideline on Agriculture, forestry and fisheries Environment (2003) Landscape Preservation Law (2004)
Agri-envrionment measure by Shiga prefecture: Direct payment to better farming practices (2003) Promotion of Environment friendly agriculture -> Direct payment and certification mark for the product Chemical reduction >=50% >70% Rice up to 3 ha above 3 ha 50,000 25,000 +10,000 + 5,000 Vegetable Green H Open Field 300,000 50,000 +60,000 +10,000 Fruits grape, peach, etc plum, persimmon, etc 300,000 100,000 +60,000 +20,000 Tea 100,000 +20,000 Rape seed 20,000 - Source: Hashimoto(2005) Fish ladder:pf-drainage canal
Evaluation and payments Willingness to Pay (WTP) of the household 1,413.8 yen per year. Total annual benefit calculated: 6116 million yen, with the 473 thousands households and 91.5% of the rate of WTP. The area under this measure 394 ha in 2001, 4,265 ha in 2005 and 5,800ha in 2006 Actual payment reached to 120 million yen in 2004 and budgeted payment of 201 million yen in 2005.
National Government (New) Agricultural land/water and environment conservation measures (2007) -Agricultural land and water system is Common Social Capital for food security and manifestation of multifunctionalities. -Support community partnership activities for appropriate conservation and management of such capital/resources and conservation of rural environments. Landscape Conservation Amenity Historical heritage Participation of Wider Stakeholders (City and local residents, NPO, farmers, local governments, JA, Midori net ) 5
Participation of local stakeholders
Farmer organization (LID) 21 st Century LID Renaissance Movement Midori= Green, 水土里 (Water, Land and Rural Community) to manage and conserve local resources (land and water) with the participation of wider stakeholders.
Multiple uses of agricultural water (adding value) Irrigation Water for fire prevention Canal for Tourism Harvesting of Hishi in pond
Lake Kabukuri-numa and its surrounding paddy fields, together covering 423 ha., in Miyagi prefecture First paddy fields registered under the Ramsar Convention (2005) New trend Global and trans-boundary environmental issues International treaties: Kyoto Protocol: Climate Change (Methane gas) Ramsar Convention: Wetland (Kabukuri-Numa) the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Measures to maximize benefits and minimize costs Total benefits Economic benefit of rice production environmental benefits (flood protection, climate, water purification, groundwater recharge, biodiversity, erosion control, landscape) social benefits (employment generation, rural development, food security, safe and tasty rice) cultural benefits (festivals, traditions, identity) Economic/opportunity costs (supports to conservation activities) Environmental costs ( water pollution, methane gas emission, salinization) social costs (potential health hazards or water borne disease).
Conclusions Multifunctionality, positive or negative, should be fully reflected in the decision making quantification, valuation, adoption of measures (to enhance or minimize impacts) Recoupling: Environment conservation and production WTO Right to be self-sufficient or maintain good environment WTO Attention to global environment-biodiversity/environment related international treaties take advantage Sustainable farming system and water use Technology, institution, management (development of environment friendly technology and management system) Enhance the benefits and awareness of general public for supports and participation
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