THE REFRACTORIES INDUSTRY WORLDWIDE

THE REFRACTORIES INDUSTRY WORLDWIDE 2012-2017 (published March 2013) TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 1 1.1 Raw materials supply and demand... 1 1.2 Refractories supply... 2 1.3 Demand drivers by industry sector... 3 1.4 Industry structure... 3 1.5 Costs and prices... 4 1.6 Outlook and forecasts... 4 2 SCOPE... 6 3 INTRODUCTION... 7 4 RAW MATERIALS SUPPLY AND DEMAND... 12 4.1 Alumina and bauxite... 13 4.1.1 Calcined alumina... 15 4.1.2 Tabular alumina... 17 4.1.3 Fused alumina... 19 4.1.3.1 China... 21 4.1.3.2 Rest of the world... 21 4.1.4 Calcined bauxite... 23 4.1.4.1 China... 25 4.1.4.2 Guyana... 27 4.1.4.3 Brazil... 29 4.1.4.4 India... 30 4.2 Trade patterns... 31 4.2.1 Calcined bauxite trade... 31 4.2.1.1 China... 31 4.2.1.2 Guyana... 32 4.2.1.3 Europe... 34 4.2.1.4 USA... 38 4.2.1.5 Japan... 40 4.2.2 Summary... 43 4.3 Trade statistics... 43 4.3.1 Calcined alumina... 43 4.3.2 Fused alumina... 43 4.4 Refractory clays... 60 4.4.1 Production... 62 4.4.1.1 China... 65 4.4.1.2 Rest of the world... 65 4.5 Andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite... 66 4.5.1 Production... 69 4.5.1.1 Andalusite... 69 4.5.1.2 Kyanite... 72

4.5.1.3 Sillimanite... 72 4.5.2 Trade patterns... 72 4.5.3 Synthetic mullite... 80 4.6 Magnesia and dolomite... 81 4.6.1 Magnesia... 81 4.6.1.1 Resources and reserves... 82 4.6.1.1.1 Magnesite... 82 4.6.1.1.2 Seawater magnesia... 83 4.6.1.1.3 Surface and subterranean brines... 84 4.6.1.2 Dead burned magnesia... 86 4.6.1.2.1 Characteristics of dead burned magnesia... 87 4.6.1.2.2 Grades of dead burned magnesia... 88 4.6.1.3 Production... 90 4.6.1.3.1 Asia and Oceania... 94 4.6.1.3.1.1 China... 94 4.6.1.3.1.2 North Korea... 96 4.6.1.3.1.3 India... 97 4.6.1.3.1.4 Australia... 97 4.6.1.3.1.5 Japan... 98 4.6.1.3.1.6 South Korea... 99 4.6.1.3.2 Middle East... 99 4.6.1.3.2.1 Israel... 100 4.6.1.3.2.2 Iran... 100 4.6.1.3.3 Africa... 101 4.6.1.3.3.1... 101 4.6.1.3.4 Europe... 101 4.6.1.3.4.1 Austria... 101 4.6.1.3.4.2 Ireland... 103 4.6.1.3.4.3 Norway... 103 4.6.1.3.4.4 The Netherlands... 103 4.6.1.3.4.5 France... 104 4.6.1.3.4.6 Spain... 104 4.6.1.3.4.7 Greece... 105 4.6.1.3.4.8 Russia... 106 4.6.1.3.4.9 Ukraine... 106 4.6.1.3.4.10 Serbia and Montenegro... 106 4.6.1.3.4.11 Slovakia... 107 4.6.1.3.5 Turkey... 107 4.6.1.3.6 North America... 108 4.6.1.3.6.1 USA... 108 4.6.1.3.6.2 Canada... 109 4.6.1.3.7 Latin America... 109 4.6.1.3.7.1 Brazil... 109 4.6.1.3.7.2 Mexico... 110 4.6.1.4 Trade patterns... 111 4.6.1.4.1 China... 113 4.6.2 Dolomite... 117 4.6.2.1 Production... 119 4.6.2.2 Producers... 121 4.6.2.3 Trade patterns... 124 4.7 Olivine... 125 4.7.1 Producers... 127 4.8 Spinel... 129

4.8.1 Production... 131 4.9 Chrome and related materials... 135 4..9.1 Production... 136 4.10 Zircon... 139 4.10.1 Production... 140 4.10.2 Trade patterns... 142 4.10.3 Zirconia... 148 4.10.4 Baddeleyite... 149 4.11 Silicon carbide... 150 4.11.1 Production... 151 4.11.2 Producers... 152 4.11.3 Trade patterns... 155 4.12 Graphite... 164 4.12.1 Graphite in refractories... 164 4.12.2 Production... 165 4.12.3 Trade patterns... 168 4.13 Silica... 176 4.14 Binders for refractories... 177 4.14.1 Organic binders... 177 4.14.2 Inorganic binders... 180 4.14.2.1 Phosphate binders... 180 4.14.2.2 Calcium aluminate cements... 181 4.14.3 Other binders... 186 4.14.3.1... 186 4.14.3.2... 186 4.14.3.3... 187 5 REFRACTORIES SUPPLY... 189 5.1 Europe... 190 5.1.1 Non-EU European countries... 195 5.2 North America... 196 5.2.1 Canada... 204 5.3 Asia... 205 5.3.1 Japan... 205 5.3.2 China... 210 5.3.3 India... 213 5.3.4 Other Asia... 218 5.4 Latin America... 223 5.5 Rest of world... 229 5.5.1 Russia... 229 5.5.2 Ukraine... 231 5.5.3 Turkey... 233 5.5.4 Middle East... 235 5.5.5 Africa... 235 5.5.6 Australia... 236 6 DEMAND DRIVERS BY INDUSTRY SECTOR... 237 6.1 Steel industry... 238 6.1.1 Consumption of refractories in steel production... 239 6.1.2 Trends in refractory usage in steel production... 243 6.1.3 Crude steel production trends... 244 6.2 Cement industry... 249 6.3 Lime industry... 251

6.4 Glass industry... 252 6.5 Ceramics industry... 254 6.6 Non-ferrous metals industry... 257 6.7 Other end-user industry sectors... 257 7 REFRACTORIES INDUSTRY STRUCTURE... 259 7.1 Europe... 263 7.2 North America... 264 7.3 Asia... 265 7.3.1 Japan... 265 7.3.2 China... 265 7.3.3 India... 266 7.4 Latin America... 267 8 COSTS AND PRICES... 268 8.1 Raw materials... 268 8.1.1 The China factor... 270 8.2 Other costs... 271 8.3 Refractory materials prices... 275 9 COMPANY PROFILES... 277 9.1 Major refractory producers by 2011 sales > 200 million... 277 RHI AG... 277 Vesuvius plc... 278 Shinagawa Refractories Co Ltd... 279 Magnesita SA... 279 Krosaki Harima Corp... 281 Calderys SA... 282 Saint-Gobain SA... 283 Morgan Thermal Ceramics... 284 ANH Refractories Co... 285 Refratechnik Holding GmbH... 286 Posrec... 286 QingHua Refractories... 287 Magnezit Group... 288 Wugang Refractory Co Ltd... 289 Minteq International Inc... 289 Chosun Refractories Co Ltd... 290 9.2 Company profiles: other companies (166 companies)... 291 10 OUTLOOK AND FORECASTS... 361 10.1 Refractories outlook by country/region... 362 10.2 Steel markets... 363 10.3 Cement industry markets... 364 10.4 Pricing... 365 10.5 Growth predictions... 365 11 APPENDIX... 368 11.1 European Union countries: trade and production statistics for refractory products... 368

TABLES Table 4.1: Total production of alumina for non-metallurgical applications, 2007-2012... 13 Table 4.2: Capacities of tabular alumina plants worldwide... 19 Table 4.3: Main producers of brown fused alumina in China... 21 Table 4.4: Chinese non-metallurgical bauxite production capacity by major companies, 2012... 26 Table 4.5: Annual production of Guyanese bauxite, 2000-2011... 28 Table 4.6: Typical specifications for Guyanese bauxite... 29 Table 4.7: China: calcined bauxite, export quotas, 2006-2012... 32 Table 4.8: EU countries: imports of fused alumina, 2011 (Euros) (part 1)... 44 Table 4.9: EU countries: imports of fused alumina, 2011 (Euros) (part 2)... 46 Table 4.10: EU countries: imports of fused alumina, 2011 (tonnes) (part 1)... 47 Table 4.11: EU countries: imports of fused alumina, 2011 (tonnes) (part 2)... 48 Table 4.12: EU countries: exports of fused alumina, 2011 (Euros) (part 1)... 49 Table 4.13: EU countries: exports of fused alumina, 2011 (Euros) (part 2)... 52 Table 4.14: EU countries: exports of fused alumina, 2011 (tonnes) (part 1)... 54 Table 4.15: EU countries: exports of fused alumina, 2011 (tonnes) (part 2)... 55 Table 4.16: China: exports of fused alumina, 2011... 56 Table 4.17: China: imports of fused alumina, 2011... 57 Table 4.18: USA: exports of fused alumina, 2011... 57 Table 4.19: USA: imports of fused alumina, 2011... 57 Table 4.20: Canada: exports of fused alumina, 2011... 57 Table 4.21: Canada: imports of fused alumina, 2011... 58 Table 4.22: Brazil: exports of fused alumina, 2011... 58 Table 4.23: Brazil: imports of fused alumina, 2011... 58 Table 4.24: Russia: exports of fused alumina, 2011... 58 Table 4.25: Russia: imports of fused alumina, 2011... 59 Table 4.26: Japan: exports of fused alumina, 2011... 59 Table 4.27: Japan: imports of fused alumina, 2011... 59 Table 4.28: Composition and properties of typical European refractory clays... 61 Table 4.29: Typical analyses of andalusite grades (run of mine)... 68 Table 4.30: Global production of andalusite and related minerals by country, 2007-2011... 70 Table 4.31: Global capacity of andalusite... 70 Table 4.32: South Africa: exports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite. 2011... 73 Table 4.33: France: exports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011... 74 Table 4.34: Peru: exports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011... 75 Table 4.45: USA: exports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011... 75 Table 4.46: China: imports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011... 76 Table 4.47: Japan: imports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011... 76 Table 4.48: EU countries: imports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011 (Euros) (Part 1)... 77 Table 4.49: EU countries: imports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011 (Euros) (Part 2)... 78 Table 4.50: EU countries: imports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 1)... 79 Table 4.51: EU countries: imports of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 2)... 79 Table 4.52: Composition of brines (%)... 84 Table 4.53: Production temperatures and properties of magnesia... 86 Table 4.54: Quality definitions of dead burned magnesia grades... 88

Table 4.55: World magnesite production, 2001-2011... 92 Table 4.56: World magnesia capacity, 2011... 93 Table 4.57: China: magnesia production capacity, 2011... 95 Table 4.58: RHI production capacities... 102 Table 4.59: China: exports of dead burned magnesia, 2011... 114 Table 4.60: China: exports of electro-fused magnesia, 2011... 115 Table 4.61: China: exports of other magnesium oxides, 2011... 116 Table 4.62: Typical specifications for dead burned dolomite... 118 Table 4.63: Production of dolomite refractory bricks, 2011... 121 Table 4.64: Typical mineral composition of olivine... 125 Table 4.65: Composition and physical properties of typical Norwegian olivine... 126 Table 4.66: Uses of commercial olivine in refractories... 127 Table 4.67: Composition and properties of several commercially available sintered spinel aggregates... 130 Table 4.68: Composition and properties of some commercially available fused spinel aggregates... 131 Table 4.69: World producers of spinel, including location and plant capacity... 132 Table 4.70: Main properties of fused and sintered spinel... 133 Table 4.71: Physical properties and chemical analyses of spinel cement kiln bricks... 134 Table 4.72: Worldwide production of chromite by country, 2005-2011... 136 Table 4.73: Production of zircon and baddeleyite by country, 2006-2011... 140 Table 4.74: EU countries: imports of zircon (Euros) (part 1)... 143 Table 4.75: EU countries: imports of zircon (Euros) (part 2)... 144 Table 4.76: EU countries: imports of zircon (100 kg) (part 1)... 145 Table 4.77: European Union countries: imports of zircon (100 kg) (part 2)... 146 Table 4.78: China: imports of zircon, 2011... 147 Table 4.79: South Africa: exports of zircon, 2011... 148 Table 4.80: Typical compositions of refractory grade baddeleyite and zircon... 149 Table 4.81: Europe: silicon carbide production capacity by producer, 2011... 152 Table 4.82: America, Africa and Middle East: silicon carbide capacity by producer, 2011... 154 Table 4.83: EU countries: silicon carbide imports, 2011 (Euros) (Part 1)... 156 Table 4.84: EU countries: silicon carbide imports, 2011 (Euros) (Part 2)... 158 Table 4.85: EU countries: silicon carbide imports, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 1)... 159 Table 4.86: EU countries: silicon carbide imports, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 2)... 160 Table 4.87: USA: silicon carbide exports, 2011... 161 Table 4.88: USA: silicon carbide imports, 2011... 161 Table 4.89: China: silicon carbide exports, 2011... 162 Table 4.90: India: Silicon carbide: exports, 2011... 162 Table 4.91: South Africa: silicon carbide exports, 2011... 162 Table 4.92: Brazil: silicon carbide exports, 2011... 163 Table 4.93: Russia: silicon carbide exports, 2011... 163 Table 4.94: Japan: silicon carbide imports, 2011... 163 Table 4.95: South Korea: silicon carbide imports, 2011... 163 Table 4.96: Worldwide production of natural graphite by country and graphite type, 2004 to 2011... 167 Table 4.97: EU countries: imports of natural graphite powder/flakes, 2011 (Euros) (Part 1)... 169 Table 4.98: EU countries: imports of natural graphite powder/flakes, 2011 (Euros) (Part 2)... 171 Table 4.99: EU countries: imports of natural graphite powder/flakes, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 1)... 172

Table 4.100: EU countries: imports of natural graphite powder/flakes, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 2)... 172 Table 4.101: China: exports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 173 Table 4.102: Canada: exports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 174 Table 4.103: Mexico: exports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 174 Table 4.104: Japan: imports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 174 Table 4.105: USA: imports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 174 Table 4.106: Turkey: imports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 175 Table 4.107: South Korea: imports of graphite powder/flakes, 2011... 175 Table 4.108: Reactivity of various calcium aluminate phases... 183 Table 4.109: Main calcium aluminate cement (CAC) grades and typical chemical compositions... 184 Table 4.110: Kerneos calcium aluminate cement plants... 185 Table 4.111: Comparison of colloidal alumina binders and colloidal silica for monolithics... 188 Table 5.1: Europe: production and sales of refractory products, 2006-2011... 191 Table 5.2: EU countries: production of refractory products, 2006-2011... 191 Table 5.3: EU countries: production of refractory products, 2006-2011... 192 Table 5.4: EU countries: balance of trade for refractory products (bricks and monolithics)... 193 Table 5.5: EU countries: apparent consumption of refractory products, 2006-2011... 194 Table 5.6: Norway: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 195 Table 5.7: Norway: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 195 Table 5.8: Norway: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar,2011... 195 Table 5.9: Switzerland: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 196 Table 5.10: USA: production of refractory products, 2006-2010... 196 Table 5.11: USA: production of refractory products... 197 Table 5.12: USA: imports of refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 198 Table 5.13: USA: exports of refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 198 Table 5.14: USA: imports and exports of refractory monolithics, 2006-2011... 198 Table 5.15: USA: consumption of refractory products, 2006-2010... 199 Table 5.16: USA: imports of basic bricks, 2006-2011... 200 Table 5.17: USA: exports of basic bricks, 2006-2011... 200 Table 5.18: USA: imports of aluminosilicate/alumina bricks, 2006-2011... 201 Table 5.19: USA: exports of aluminosilicate/alumina bricks, 2006-2011... 201 Table 5.20: USA: imports of "other" refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 202 Table 5.21: USA: exports of "other" refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 202 Table 5.22: USA: imports of monolithic refractories, 2006-2011... 203 Table 5.23: USA: exports of monolithic refractories, 2006-2011... 203 Table 5.24: Canada: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 204 Table 5.25: Canada: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 204 Table 5.26: Japan: production of refractory products, 2000-2011... 205 Table 5.27: Japan: production of refractory products, 2000-2011... 205 Table 5.28: Japan: imports of basic refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 206 Table 5.29: Japan: exports of basic refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 206 Table 5.30: Japan: imports of aluminosilicate refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 207 Table 5.31: Japan: exports of aluminosilicate refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 207 Table 5.32: Japan: imports of other refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 208 Table 5.33: Japan: exports of other refractory bricks, 2006-2011... 208

Table 5.34: Japan: imports of monolithic refractories, 2006-2011... 209 Table 5.35: Japan: exports of monolithic refractories, 2006-2011... 209 Table 5.36: Japan: apparent consumption of refractories, 2000-2011... 210 Table 5.37: China: production of refractory products, 2006-2011... 211 Table 5.38: China: imports of refractory products, 2006-2011... 212 Table 5.39: China: exports of refractory products, 2006-2011... 212 Table 5.40: China: apparent consumption of refractories, 2006-2011... 213 Table 5.41: India: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 214 Table 5.42: India: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 215 Table 5.43: India: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 217 Table 5.44: India: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 217 Table 5.45: Indonesia: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 218 Table 5.46: Malaysia: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 218 Table 5.47: Malaysia: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 219 Table 5.48: South Korea: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 219 Table 5.49: South Korea: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 219 Table 5.50: South Korea: imports of other refractory products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), 2011... 220 Table 5.51: Thailand: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 220 Table 5.52: Thailand: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 220 Table 5.53: Indonesia: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 221 Table 5.54: Malaysia: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 221 Table 5.55: Malaysia: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, exports, 2011... 221 Table 5.56: South Korea: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011.. 222 Table 5.57: South Korea: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 222 Table 5.58: Thailand: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 222 Table 5.59: Thailand: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 223 Table 5.60: Latin America: production of refractory products, 2010-2011... 224 Table 5.61: Brazil: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 225 Table 5.62: Brazil: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 226 Table 5.63: Brazil: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 226 Table 5.64: Brazil: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 226 Table 5.65: Mexico: imports or refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 227 Table 5.66: Mexico: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 227 Table 5.67: Mexico: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 227 Table 5.68: Mexico: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 228 Table 5.69: Chile: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 228

Table 5.70: Columbia: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, imports, 2011... 228 Table 5.71: Columbia: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, exports, 2011... 228 Table 5.72: Argentina: Imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 229 Table 5.73: Argentina: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 229 Table 5.74: Russia: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 230 Table 5.75: Russia: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 230 Table 5.76: Russia: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 231 Table 5.77: Ukraine: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 231 Table 5.78: Ukraine: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 232 Table 5.79: Ukraine: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 232 Table 5.80: Ukraine: imports of other refractory products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), 2011... 232 Table 5.81: Turkey: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 233 Table 5.82: Turkey: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 233 Table 5.83: Turkey: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 234 Table 5.84: Turkey: exports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 234 Table 5.85: South Africa: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 235 Table 5.86: South Africa: exports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 235 Table 5.87: Australia: imports of refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, 2011... 236 Table 5.88: Australia: imports of refractory cement, concrete and mortar, 2011... 236 Table 6.1: Specific consumption of refractories by iron/steel vessel (kg of refractories per tonne of iron/steel)... 242 Table 6.2: Consumption of refractories (kg) per tonne of steel (integrated plant vs. mini-mill)... 242 Table 6.3: Historical world steel growth rates, 1970-2005... 244 Table 6.4: Crude steel production, 2004-2012, by country, with forecasts to 2017... 245 Table 6.5: Crude steel production, 2004-2012, by region, with forecasts to 2017... 248 Table 6.6: Ceramic tile industry worldwide; top companies by sales of millions of square metres of tiles, 2007-2011... 256 Table 6.7: World primary aluminium production, 2006-2012... 258 Table 8.1: Estimated average cost of refractories in steel making... 268 Table 10.1: World refractories production, 2011... 361 Table 10.2: Estimated production of refractory products by region/country, 2011-2017... 366 Table 11.1: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, imports, 2011 (Euros) (Part 1)... 369 Table 11.2: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, imports, 2011 (Euros) (Part 2)... 371

Table 11.3: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, imports, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 1)... 373 Table 11.4: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, imports, 2011 (tonnes) (Part 2)... 374 Table 11.5: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, exports, 2011 (Euros) (Part 1)... 375 Table 11.6: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, exports, 2011 (Euros) (part 2)... 379 Table 11.7: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, exports, 2011 (tonnes) (part 1)... 382 Table 11.8: EU countries: refractory cement, concrete and mortar, exports, 2011 (tonnes) (part 2)... 385 Table 11.9: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, imports, 2011 (Euros) (part 1)... 386 Table 11.10: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, imports, 2011 (Euros) (part 2)... 388 Table 11.11: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, imports, 2011 (tonnes) (part 1)... 390 Table 11.12: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, imports, 2011 (tonnes) (part 2)... 391 Table 11.13: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, exports, 2011 (Euros) (part 1)... 392 Table 11.14: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, exports, 2011 (Euros) (part 2)... 396 Table 11.15: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, exports, 2011 (tonnes) (part 1)... 399 Table 11.16: EU countries: refractory bricks, blocks and similar shaped products, exports, 2011... 402 Table 11.17: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), imports, 2011... 404 Table 11.18: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), imports, 2011... 406 Table 11.19: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), imports, 2011... 408 Table 11.20: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), imports, 2011... 408 Table 11.21: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), exports, 2011... 409 Table 11.22: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), exports, 2011... 413 Table 11.23: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), exports, 2011... 415 Table 11.24: EU countries: other refractory shaped products (crucibles, nozzles, retorts, tubes, rods, etc.), exports, 2011... 416 Table 11.25: EU countries: production of refractory products, 2011 (tonnes) (part 1)... 417 Table 11.26: EU countries: production of refractory products, 2011 (tonnes) (part 2)... 418 Table 11.27: EU countries: production of refractory products, 2011 (thousands of Euros) (part 1)... 419 Table 11.28: EU countries: production of refractory products, 2011 (thousands of Euros) (part 2)... 420

FIGURES Figure 4.1: Chemical grade alumina worldwide, quarterly production, 2005-2012... 14 Figure 4.2: Calcined alumina demand, all applications, 2011 (percentage breakdown of total tonnage by region)... 16 Figure 4.3: Calcined alumina demand, refractories and other applications, 2011 (percentage breakdown of total tonnage by region)... 16 Figure 4.4: Brown fused alumina capacity (percentage breakdown of total tonnage by region), 2012... 20 Figure 4.5: Guyana: exports of calcined bauxite, 1990-2010... 33 Figure 4.6: Guyana: average price of dried and calcined bauxite, 1990-2010... 34 Figure 4.7: EU countries: imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from Guyana, 2002-2011... 35 Figure 4.8: EU countries: average value of imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from Guyana, 2002-2010... 35 Figure 4.9: EU countries: imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from China, 2002-2011... 36 Figure 4.10: EU countries: average value of imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from China, 2002-2011... 37 Figure 4.11: EU countries: combined imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from China and Guyana, 2002-2011... 38 Figure 4.12: USA: imports of refractory grade bauxite from Guyana, 2003-2011... 39 Figure 4.13: USA: imports of refractory grade bauxite from China, 2003-2011... 40 Figure 4.14: Japan: imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from China, 2001-2011... 41 Figure 4.15: Japan: Imports of non-metallurgical bauxite from Guyana, 2001-2011... 42 Figure 4.16: Japan: combined imports of calcined bauxite from China and Guyana, 2002-2011... 42 Figure 4.17: South Africa: exports of andalusite, 2001-2011... 73 Figure 4.18: Reserves of magnesite... 83 Figure 4.19: Global magnesite production by country, 2011... 91 Figure 4.20: Exports of magnesia by country, 2011... 112 Figure 4.21: Exports of magnesia by country, 2011... 112 Figure 4.22: Average price of magnesia, 1995-2012... 113 Figure 4.23: Global output of non-metallurgical chrome ore/concentrate, 2005-2011... 138 Figure 4.24: Major producers of zircon, 2011... 140 Figure 4.25: Price trends for large flake graphite (94-97% C, +80 mesh), 2007-2012... 168 Figure 6.1: Worldwide consumption of refractories by end user industry, 2012... 237 Figure 6.2: Europe: refractories consumption by industry sector, 2012... 238 Figure 6.3: Average refractory consumption (kg) per tonne of steel, 1955-2010... 241 Figure 6.4: Life expectancy of iron and steel vessels... 241 Figure 6.5: World cement production by region, 2001-2011... 250 Figure 6.6: World cement production by region and main countries, 2011... 251 Figure 6.7: EU glass production by type, 1996-2010... 253 Figure 7.1: Leading refractory producers by sales, 2011... 259 Figure 7.2: Leading refractory producers by sales, 1990... 260 Figure 7.3: Leading refractory producers by sales, 2000... 260 Figure 7.4: Leading Chinese refractory producers by sales, 2011... 266 Figure 7.5: Market share of refractories in India, by major company, 2011... 267 Figure 8.1: Index development of raw material prices for the refractory industry, 2000-2011... 269

Figure 8.2: USA: long term natural gas prices, 1992-2014... 272 Figure 8.3: Crude oil spot price (Brent crude), 2009-2012... 272 Figure 8.4: Euro area labour costs, 2000-2010... 274