Resource Use Questions 1-3 refer to the diagram above. 1. Which part of the diagram depicts the resource use that would be in competition if a new species moves into an area and is in direct competition with another species? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E 2. The niche of the black bear which is an omnivore would be best represented as (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E
3. The area under the curve depicted by letter B would be best described as (A) the productivity of a producer such as grass. (B) the productivity of a tropical rain forest. (C) niche of a specialist like the panda bear that eats only bamboo. (D) the competition between a producer and a consumer. (E) how far the niche of two species of animals are separated from each other. 4. Which of the below is the best summary of evolution? (A) The need for organisms to evolve a more perfect form. (B) The strongest organisms will survive to reproduce. (C) The change in the genetic make-up of successive generations of a species. (D) The grand plan of nature determines how organisms will evolve. (E) The organisms have desires for particular traits and so evolve them. 5. Keystone species such as Grizzly bears in Alaska, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho have an important role and effect on their environment through (A) having large numbers to regulate the producers. (B) playing a critical role in sustaining their ecosystem. (C) shaping the community to enhance it for other species. (D) controlling bacterial levels preventing the infections of other species. (E) eliminating all potential predators in the ecosystem.
Questions 6-8 refer to the terms below. (A) indicator species (B) keystone species (C) foundation species (D) native species (E) specialist species 6. As pollution levels in streams rise, many aquatic insects such as the mayfly quickly disappear. For this reason, many aquatic insects are studied intensively. 7. The beaver transforms its environment from streams to ponds and swamps allowing a diverse collection of organisms to thrive that would not normally be able to survive. 8. Kelp (a brown algae) forms large beds creating a habitat for many fish and shellfish. Questions 9-13 refer to the species interactions below. (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Interspecific competition Predation Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism 9. Three species of grasses compete for sunlight in a grassy lawn. 10. A species of ant living in the thorns of the Acacia tree protect the tree from herbivores and feed off lipid-rich food-bodies on the tree. 11. Barnacles adhering to the skin of a whale. The barnacle benefits by being transported to new sources of food and the presence of barnacles does not appear to hamper or enhance the survival of the animals carrying them. 12. Chipmunks, squirrels, and other animals eat the pine nuts that pine trees produce. 13. A species of pseudoscorpion disperses by concealing itself under the wing of large beetles. The pseudoscorpions gain the advantage of being dispersed over wide areas while being protected from predators. The beetle is unaffected by the presence of the hitchhikers.
Questions 14 and 15 refer to the graph below of an otter population off the coast of California Number of sea otters 14. What generalized trend can be made from 1983 to 2007 from this graph? (A) The otter is declining more than growing. (B) The otter is growing at an exponential rate. (C) The otter has reached its carrying capacity. (D) The otter is showing a slow rate of population increase. (E) The otter is an endangered species. 15. What is the percent change in the otter population from 1992 (2,000 otter) to 2004 (2,500 otter)? (A) 30 (B) 10 (C) 25 (D).25 (E) 0.0
16. Populations of the Common Garter Snake have evolved a resistance to the toxins of their prey, newts of the genus Taricha. As the newts continue to evolve more potent toxins, the garter snake evolves an increased amount of resistance to the poison over time as well. This is an example of (A) mimicry. (B) coevolution. (C) speciation. (D) competitive exclusion. (E) genetic drift. 17. Which of the following has NOT contributed to the explosion of the white-tail deer population? (A) Elimination of many of their natural predators (B) Hunting laws restricting their hunting (C) Suburbanization eliminating many forests and creating many edge habitats (D) Trapping of deer and moving them out of areas where they are not wanted (E) Many people planting their properties with edible flowers and shrubs
Question 18 refers to the diagram below. 18. Which point on the curve above reflects the selection most like that of an elephant, a K -selected species that has reached its carrying capacity? (A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D (E) E 19. Which of the below is undergoing secondary succession? (A) A boulder field left from the retreat of a glacier. (B) A recently cooled lava from a volcano. (C) An agricultural field recently cut for hay. (D) An area newly covered with sand dunes. (E) A newly created small pond.
20. Which of the below is an example of density dependent population control? (A) Humans clearing a forested area. (B) A forest fire burning a woodland tract. (C) Red-tailed hawks feeding on rabbits. (D) An avalanche clearing a hillside of all trees and shrubs. (E) Pollution from a city killing invertebrates in a local stream. 21. Each year, more and more of the sea ice melts in the Arctic. In less than 5 years there will most likely be a summer when there is no sea ice in the Arctic and this will have large ramifications for the ecology of the area that is dependent on sea ice. This is an example of (A) a tipping point. (B) inertia. (C) succession. (D) environmental resistance. (E) a random change. 22. A medium population growth projection calls for a population of 10 million deer in Pennsylvania in 2050 up from the current population of 8 million. What percent increase is this? (A) 15 (B) 25 (C) 72 (D) 100 (E) 125 23. Which of the below is NOT used to calculate the population growth rate? (A) Birth rate (B) Death rate (C) Infant mortality rate (D) Immigration rate (E) Emigration rate
24. Why is replacement-level fertility slightly higher than 2 children per couple? (A) Some people do not marry. (B) some children die before reaching reproductive years. (C) Use of contraceptives is increasing in developed countries. (D) Death rates are high in developing countries. (E) Death rates exceed birth rates in stable countries. 25. One of the most important factors in helping to stabilize a developing country's population and reducing environmental degradation is to (A) decrease immigration rates. (B) reduce the infant mortality rate through better medicine. (C) increase the use of contraceptives. (D) increase women in the workforce. (E) increase food production through increased genetic diversity of crops. 26. Which of the below is an example of a positive use of nature's natural capital? (A) Elimination of many natural predators of humans (B) Increasing use of earth's net primary productivity to feed humans (C) Increased reliance on renewable energy resources (D) Introduction of species. into new communities to control pests (E) Modifying earth's geochemical cycles for energy uses 27. Which of the below are the correct order of demographic transition states that a country experiences when industrializing? (A) Iron age - Agrarian - Preindustrial - Industrial (B) Nomadic - Preindustrial - Industrial - Postindustrial (C) Nomadic - Agrarian - Preindustrial - Industrial (D) Preindustrial - Transitional - Industrial - Postindustrial (E) Agrarian - Preindustrial Transitional - Industrial
28.Which of the below has been utilized in both India, China and Bangladesh to attempt to reduce population growth rates? (A) Limiting immigration (B) Increasing emigration (C) Attempting to prevent the transition to an industrial state (D) Importing new technologies into the country (E) Family planning and education
Questions 29 AND 30 refer to the age structure diagram below. 29. Which country or countries shows a high rate of increase in population growth? (A) I only (B) III only (C) I and III (D) II and III (E) I, II, and III 30. What can be determined from the graph for country III? (A) The birth rate is stable. (B) There are more females over 70 than males in the population. (C) There is a low infant mortality rate in the population. (D) Males have a high rate of accidental death in the population. (E) Females in the 35-39 age cohort are reproducing the fastest.
ANSWER KEY 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. E 12. A 13. E 14. D 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. E 19. C 20. C 21. A 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. E 29. A 30. B