NOVOSTI V MIKROBIOLOŠKI DIAGNOSTIKI INVAZIVNIH GLIVIČNIH BOLEZNI

Similar documents
Lewis White Department of Medical Microbiology and NPHS Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK Friday, February 24, 2006, 10:05-10:25 am

CE Update. (1-3)-β-D-Glucan Assay: A Review of its Laboratory and Clinical Application

establishment of of a a rational rational relationship between between

Reliability of 1-3-β-D-glucan monitoring during treatment of peritoneal candidiasis in a child in. continuous peritoneal dialysis: a case report

Kinetics of galactomannan in surgical patients receiving perioperative piperacillin/tazobactam prophylaxis

PCR for Diagnosis in Mycology. Marie-Pierre Hayette University Hospital of Liège NRC Mycosis SBMHA symposium 2015

Evaluation of Candida albicans Diagnosis by using conventional PCR. Abstract

Vježba 12 i 13 detekcija GMO iz hrane. BioRad Biotechnology Explorer GMO investigator Kit

Candida albicans ribonuclease P RNA (RPR1) gene. genesig Advanced Kit. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Aspergillus Polymerase Chain Reaction: Systematic Review of Evidence for Clinical Use in Comparison With Antigen Testing

Diagnostics. Using Diagnostic Tests. Test Sensitivity and Specificity. Dr. Randall Singer Professor of Epidemiology

Clostridium difficile

Cryptococcus gattii. Zinc finger protein gene. 150 tests. Quantification of Cryptococcus gattii genomes. Advanced kit handbook HB10.03.

Case. Case. Case. Case. Reference lab AST. Nelesh Govender, NICD 2013/03/08. Candida species: Antifungal susceptibility testing in 2013

Dengue Virus subtypes 1,2 3 and 4

Ebola Facts. October 14, 2014

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Dengue Virus subtypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 (Multiplex kit)

Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Conflict of interest statement.

Effects of Antibiotic Treatment on the Results of Nested ACCEPTED. Polymerase Chain Reactions for Scrub Typhus

Utility of PCR in the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections: Real Life Data from a Multi-Centre Study

Human Herpes Virus 6. genesig Standard Kit. BHLF3 (putative dutpase gene) 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Epstein Barr Virus (Human Herpes virus 4)

Le resistenze agli antifungini: le conferme microbiologiche. Anna Prigitano Università degli Studi Milano

Moraxella catarrhalis

Real-Time PCR Workshop Gene Expression. Applications Absolute and Relative Quantitation

Toxoplasma gondii Repeat region. genesig Advanced Kit. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Platelet Refractoriness: The Basics. Martin H. Bluth, MD, PhD

Mycoplasma haemofelis and Mycoplasma haemocanis

Clostridium difficile

Improving the Limit of Detection of Lateral Flow Assays using 3DNA Technology

Colony-PCR Is a Rapid and Sensitive Method for DNA Amplification

Yellow Fever Virus. genesig Standard Kit. Polyprotein gene. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Antifungal PK/PD Made Simple. David Andes, MD University of Wisconsin

Enterococcus faecium. genesig Standard Kit. groes heat shock protein. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Human Rhinovirus all subtypes (generic)

National Reference Centre for Parasitology. Brian Ward &Momar Ndao Colloque Blue 2012

ESCMID Online Lecture Library. by author

Treponema pallidum. genesig Standard Kit. pola. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Step-by-Step Description of ELISA

C.albicans/C.glabrata/C.krusei Real-TM Handbook

Clostridium difficile (toxin B)

First Annual Biomarker Symposium Quest Diagnostics Clinical Trials

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Interim Technical Note The Use of Cholera Rapid Diagnostic Tests November 2016

Combined detection of mannanaemia and antimannan antibodies as a strategy for the diagnosis of systemic infection caused by pathogenic Candida species

Human Coronavirus 2012 (MERS)

Comparison of four automated nucleic acid extraction platforms for the recovery of DNA from Aspergillus fumigatus

FOCUS ON MRSA/SA SSTI ASSAY FAILURE IN PROSTHETIC JOINT. Institute of Microbiology, Lille University Hospital, F Lille, France

The folowing four Rules-Of-Thumb summarize the more important aspects of electronic absorption:

IGRA: Diagnosing TB in the Twenty-First Century with. Peter Barnes, MD

CCQM P58.1: Metrology for Clinical Sciences. Diagnostic Formulation Meeting, 24 th Feb James Noble

Hepatitis A Virus. genesig Standard Kit 5 NCR. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Propionibacterium acnes

Human Herpes Virus 1 (Herpes simplex type 1)

Selection and use of Ebola in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays

Human Papillomavirus 52 and 52b

Opportunities for Accelerating Cell Line Development and Beyond

Candida albicans genesig Easy Kit for use on the genesig q16

Characteristic and clinical relevance of Candida mannan test in the diagnosis of probable invasive candidiasis

Proteus mirabilis. genesig Standard Kit. RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpob) gene. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd

Human Papillomavirus 16

Received 13 May 2003/Returned for modification 16 July 2003/Accepted 22 October 2003

UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA FARMACIJO TJAŠA EKAR

Advances in Medical Microbiology - Are the Patients Better Off?

Human bocavirus. Viral protein (VP) gene. 150 tests. Quantification of Human bocavirus genomes. Advanced kit handbook HB

Fast decisions instead of delays Quality Control through outstanding design

Bacteriophage MS2. genesig Standard Kit. Phage MS2 genome. 150 tests. Primerdesign Ltd. For general laboratory and research use only

Clinical Microbiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland; 3 Dept. of Clinical

Using Mass Spectrometry as a Tool. Emergencies

THE INHERENT CHALLENGES OF TESTING C. DIFFICILE

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus

Diagnosis of Legionnaires disease by urinary antigen and DNA detection: A case report

Mycobacterium tuberculosis End-Point PCR Kit Product# EP42100

By Dr. Zainab khalid

Cryptococcus gattii genesig Easy Kit for use on the genesig q16

Development and Challenges faced in Optimization of Sensitive Diagnostic Tests for Typhoid fever

Flexible, robust solutions from BSI. An In Vitro Diagnostic Notified Body. Expertise and experience. IVD regulatory solutions

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Human Cancer Antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) ELISA Kit

Schedule of Accreditation issued by United Kingdom Accreditation Service 2 Pine Trees, Chertsey Lane, Staines-upon-Thames, TW18 3HR, UK

Author's response to reviews. Title: Candidiasis caused by Candida kefyr in a neonate. Authors:

Enterococcus faecalis

Chlamydia trachomatis

Sus scrofa Pig genesig Advanced Speciation Kit

Primerdesign TM Ltd. Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika Virus. (Multiplex kit) genesig kit. 100 tests. For general laboratory and research use only

Aspergillus fumigatus

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Speciation of Candida using HiCrome Candida Differential Agar

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Primerdesign Ltd. High risk Human Papillomavirus. Multiplex screening kit. genesig kit. 100 tests. For general laboratory and research use only

Cytomics in Action: Cytokine Network Cytometry

Gardnerella vaginalis

Antibiotic resistance OXA -48 Carbapenem-hydrolyzing β- lactamase (blaoxa-48) gene. genesig Advanced Kit. 150 tests.

Transcription:

NOVOSTI V MIKROBIOLOŠKI DIAGNOSTIKI INVAZIVNIH GLIVIČNIH BOLEZNI Saša Simčič, UL MF Inštitut za mikrobiologijo in imunologijo

Mikrobiološka ka diagnostika invazivnih glivičnih bolezni 1. Pregledovanje direktnih mikroskopskih preparatov iz kliničnih nih vzorcev 2. Histopatološko dokazovanje invazije povzročiteljev v tkiva 3. Osamitev in identifikacija 4. Določanje antigenov gliv v serumu in drugih telesnih tekočinah in določanje protiteles v serumu 5. Dokazovanje nukleinskih kislin v kliničnih nih vzorcih

www.p-e-g.org/sac/fruehjahrstagung07/donnelly.pdf

Omejitve pri dokazovanju nukleinskih kislin v kliničnih nih vzorcih 1. Nezadostno poznavanje bioloških dejavnikov (sproščanje DNA iz gliv na mestu okužbe, kinetika sproščanja in prehod DNA v krvni obtok nekroza tkiva??, vpliv antimikotikov). 2. Metoda PCR še e ni standardizirana!!! Kakšen vzorec je primeren? Katera metoda za izolacijo DNA je primerna? Katere tarčne sekvence pomnoževati? Kateri način pomnoževanja uporabiti (RT-PRC Roche LC, Corbett Rotor-Gene ali Applied Biosystems TaqMan)? 3. Medlaboratorijska primerjava rezultatov izbranih metod PCR kaže na preveliko variabilnost rezultatov (problem analitske občutljivosti PCR metode, problem lažno negativnih rezultatov pri bolnikih z IA in lažno pozitivnih rezultatov pri bolnikih brez kliničnih nih znakov IA). 4. Določitev aspergilusne DNA v vzorcih BAL ne ločuje med kontaminacijo s konidiji in invazijo v tkivo (boljši i izbor je test na GM, ker se GM večinoma sprošča a iz hif med rastjo aspergilusa, in manj iz konidijev).

Mikrobiološka ka diagnostika invazivnih glivičnih bolezni - najbolj pogosto uporabljeni testi na antigene gliv 1. Aspergiloza: ELISA na galaktomanan (BioRad, Platelia Aspergillus Antigen) 2. Pan-fungal kolorimetrični test na 1,3-beta beta-d-glukan (Associates of Cape Cod, Fungitell; Wako; Seikegaku Kogyo) 3. Kandidoza: ELISA na manan (BioRad, Platelia Candida Antigen) 4. Kriptokokoza: ELISA na kapsularni polisaharidni antigen (Meridian, Premier Cryptococcus) 5. Histoplasmoza: ELISA na polisaharidni antigen (MiraVista, H.capsulatum Antigen EIA)

CID 2004: 39; 199 Conclusion: highly sensitive and specific in detecting early IFIs, including candidiasis, fusariosis, trichosporonosis, and aspergillosis CID 2005: 41; 654 Conclusion: reproducible assay results with high specificity and high PPV

Med Mycol 2006: 44; SI85. Conclusions: the G-test was developed in 1992 by Obayashi et al. and has found wide application in Japan in the fields of hematological diseases and HSCT, in the diagnosis of deep mycosis BG was discussed as a surrogate marker for a presumptive therapy of patients with fever not responding to broad-spectrum antibiotics

Lancet Infect Dis 2004: 4; 349 Conclusions: may has a significant variation in performance the causes of this variability are multifactorial (biological and epidemiological) understanding the biology of GM release by Aspergillus will greatly enhance our understanding of the kinetics of this and other surrogate markers CID 2006: 42; 1417 Conclusions: the accuracy of the test is variable among different patient populations the test is more useful in patients who have hematological malignancy or who have undergone HSCT than in solid-organ transplant recipients further studies with attention to the impact of antifungal therapy and rigorous assessment of false-positive test results are needed

CID 2006: 43 (Suppl 1); S15 Conclusion: the combination of the 2 tests (GM and BG) improved specificity (to 100 %) and PPV (to 100 %) for the diagnosis of IA, without affecting sensitivity and NPV

CID 2007: 44; 402 Conclusions: experience with use of beta-glucan assay in HSCT recipients is limited although valuable as diagnostic adjuncts to support a diagnosis of a probable IFI in patients with compatible host factors and radiological findings as defined in the EORTC/MSG criteria, the value of these laboratory markers as screening tools for IFIs is controversial, and more research is required it is a high priority to validate the application of these tests to antifungal algorithms

Lažno pozitivni (5 % odrasli -83 % novorojenci) in lažno negativni rezultati na GM v serumu 1. GM je stranski produkt fermentacije pri pridobivanju beta-laktamskih antibiotikov (Tazocin; kljub ukinitvi terapije, lažno pozitivni rezultati lahko ostanejo več dni pri bolnikih z okvaro ledvic). 2. Poškodbe črevesne stene ali nezrela črevesna stena pri otrocih pospešijo absorpcijo GM iz hrane in vode. 3. Infuzija z Racol-om, om, ki vsebuje sojine proteine; prisotnost paraproteinov IgM, CIC in avtoprotiteles v serumu, ki se vežejo ejo s protitelesi v testu (bolniki s kronično no GVHD po alogenski HSCT). 4. Bombažni brisi. 5. Gastrointestinalna kolonizacija z Bifidobacterium spp. (lipoteihoična kislina in lipoglikan) pri novorojenčkih in otrocih, ki ji sledi translokacija.

Lažno pozitivni rezultati (od 5% pri odraslih do 83% pri novorojencih) in lažno negativni rezultati na GM v serumu 6. Kriptokokoza (galaktoksilomanan ima epitope, ki so navzkrižno no reaktivni z GM), navzkrižna reaktivnost s Penicillium spp. 7. Vzroki za lažno negativne rezultate pri IA: zmanjšano ano sproščanje GM v kri na mestu okužbe, zaradi dejavnikov iz okolja (ph in omejena količina ina hranil na mestu okužbe vplivata na sproščanje GM v kri), in abscesi. 8. Antimikotična na terapija zmanjša a občutljivost testiranja (AmB in vitro omeji rast micelija). 9. Drugi vzroki za variabnilnost rezultatov: sproščanje GM iz hif, prehod iz mesta okužbe v kri, vezava GM s sestavinami v krvi, dejavniki v bolniku (mesto in obseg bolezni, antimikotiki, starost, metodološki dejavniki prag, definicija pozitivnega izvida), razvrščanje anje IGB.

Lažno pozitivni rezultati na GM v drugih kliničnih nih vzorcih 1. BAL: uporaba tekočine za izpiranje Plasmalyte (Baxter), ki vsebuje Na-glukonat. 2. BAL: pogosto pri bolnikih po presaditvi pljuč,, zaradi kolonizacije dihal z aspergilusom; testiranje BAL se kombinira s slikovno diagnosti gnostično metodo hr-ct. 3. Urin: križna reaktivnost protiteles EB-A2 s ciklofosfamidom.

Lažno pozitivni rezultati na BG v serumu 1. Gram-pozitivna bakteriemija. 2. Kontaminacija z BG pri izvedbi testa. Lažno negativni rezultati na BG v serumu 1. Velika koncentracija bilirubina in trigliceridov v krvi. 3. Hemoliza vzorca. 4. Terapija s frakcijami plazemskih proteinov ali koagulacijskimi faktorji in nekaterimi zdravili. 5. Hemodializa z uporabo celuloznih membran in stik z bombažnimi gazami. 6. Kardiopulmonarni obtok. 7. Vročinska kap, in nepoznani razlogi. 8. BG v antibiotikih (npr. amoksicilin-klavulanska klavulanska k.)

CID 2004: 39; 1467 CID 2006: 43 (Suppl 1); S15 Conclusions: GM can be detected in BAL, CSF and urine from patients with IA with higher sensitivity than is the case with culture, as well as early in the course of infection PPV and NPV are 100 % when BAL GM EIA testing is combined with hr-ct scanning GM EIA and qpcr assay add to the sensitivity of BAL for diagnosing IPA in high risk patients

Clin Microbiol Rev 2004: 17; 281. Conclusions: Platelia Candida Mannan EIA is highly specific; there remains however a lack of the sensitivity (40-75%; probably due to a rapid clearance of mannan), necessary for early detection of systemic candidiasis) Test strategy works for C.albicans, C.glabrata and C.tropicalis but does not work as well with C.parapsilosis, C.kefyr, or C.krusei (EBCA1 mab used in the mannan assay recognize a mannose epitope present to a much lesser extent in mannan from the last three species

J Clin Microbiol 2005: 43; 2181 Conclusions: The usefulness of antibody detection may be limited when the patients under investigation are immunosuppressed and/or heavily colonized but uninfected The specificities for two antigen detection assays (ELISA and latex agglutination) and PCR method are high, although the Candida PCR method has enhanced sensitivity over both antigen assays Both PCR and ELISA techniques should be used in unison to aid the detection of invasive Candida infections

Zaključki ki Vsaka metoda ima omejitve, zato bi bilo najbolje uporabiti serijsko sko testiranje večih vzorcev z večimi metodami (glivična bolezen je dinamičen proces). Slikovno diagnostično metodo hr-ct in zanesljive laboratorijske teste na analite iz gliv bi mogli uporabiti kot markerje za uvedbo antimikotične ne terapije ali kot kriterij za spremembo že e obstoječega ega antimikotičnega nega režima. V prihodnosti si več obetamo od standardiziranih molekularnih metod, ki bodo vključene v mikrobiološko ko diagnostiko IGB.