Renewable Energy The State of the Industry Policies, Programs and Technologies Stephen A. Roosa, Ph.D., CEM, REP, CSDP 8 October 2014 1
What is Being Presented? Sustainability Renewable Technologies Case examples Resources Time for your questions! 2
Sustainable Policies and Programs Most environmental impacts are local or regional. Polices and programs are local, regional, national and international. Policies strategies and goals developed by governmental or management structures. Programs activities and incentives developed to achieve the goals of the policies. Technologies means of implementing the programs (e.g., equipment, tools, resources, etc.).
Categories of Energy Fossil Fuels Forms of energy formed from deposits of compressed and heated organic matter that consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Common types - coal, petroleum, natural gas Others orimulsion (a derivative of bitumen), uranium. Renewable Energy Forms of energy that are derived from and replaced rapidly by natural processes. Solar thermal and photovoltaic, wind power, hydropower, tidal power, biomass, geothermal energy, etc. Alternative Energy Substituting one form of energy for another. Using natural gas rather than coal. Using solar generated electricity rather electricity generated from nuclear power or coal. 4
A World of Mega-problems Projected demand for energy to increase in U.S. and globally to 2030. Electrical system development limited by distribution not by the ability to produce power. Increasing global GHG emissions. Highest growth from energy supply sector (145%) and transportation (120%) Human-based carbon emissions are contributing to significant climate changes Fastest rate of growth in developing countries Most of existing stock of GHG concentrations is from the U.S. and other developed countries The key problem: How do we cost-effectively reduce energyrelated emissions of greenhouse gases to stabilize the climate while meeting the world s increasing demand for energy. 5
What is Relationship of Energy to Sustainable Development? Energy is at the heart of some of the principle environmental problems we face. The unprecedented economic growth that has occurred mainly in industrialized countries in this century has depended to a very great extent on availability of lowcost energy, principally in the form of fossil fuels. [5] [5] United Nations (1993). Global partnerships for environment and development: a guide to Agenda 21. Geneva: United Nations. 6
Environmental Impacts 7
Strategic Solutions Trajectory of U.S. CO 2 Emissions U.S. CO 2 Emissions (Metric Tons) 1990: 5.0 billion tons 2005: 6.0 billion tons 2012: 5.27 billion tons 2013: 5.38 billion tons 8
Basic Concept of Hydropower Production 9
Basic Concept of Hydropower Production 10
Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power A pumped-storage plant uses two reservoirs, one located at a much higher elevation than the other. During periods of low demand for electricity, such as nights and weekends, energy is stored by reversing the turbines and pumping water from the lower to the upper reservoir. The stored water can later be released to turn the turbines and generate electricity as it flows back into the lower reservoir. 11
Micro-Hydro Turbine Technologies Impulse turbines spin freely in the air. Water is directed toward the turbine by a spout or nozzle. As long as there is some flow, the nozzle can be adjusted to regulate the flow-especially in a crossflow turbine. Impulse turbines are the most commonly used in micro hydro systems. 12
Micro-Hydro Turbine Technologies A reaction turbine is fully immersed in water and is entirely enclosed in housing, so that the full pressure of the water turns the turbine. These are more likely to be used if water flow is relatively consistent throughout the year and the water pressure (or head) is low grade. 13
Tidal Power Barrage - Extract tidal energy by building a barrage across an estuary bay or river. These systems are similar to a hydro dam. Horizontal Axis Machines submerged in tidal locations to take advantage of predictable tidal flows in an estuary. 14
Types of Bio-Energy Biofuels- fuels from organic materials Biopower Power generated by a biofuel 15
Biomass Energy Biomass, a renewable energy source, is biological material from living, or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, (hydrogen) gas, and alcohol fuels. Biomass is commonly plant matter grown to generate electricity or produce heat. The most conventional way in which biomass is used relies on direct incineration. Forest residues, for example (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and garbage are often used for this. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibers or chemicals. 16
Biofuels The greatest challenge is to develop ways to convert biomass energy to liquid fuels. The two most common strategies are: 1. To grow sugar crops such as sugar cane, and sugar beet, or starch in corn/maize, and then use yeast fermentation to produce ethanol. 2. To grow plants that produce oils, such as algae or jatropha. When these oils are heated their viscosity is reduced, and they can be burned directly in a diesel engine. 17
Bio Fuels Biomass to Bio-Oil Pyrolysis plant Algae Fuels Pyrolysis - chemical decomposition of condensed substances by heating, that occurs spontaneously at high enough temperatures. 18
Geothermal Energy 19
The Geysers: Mayacamas Mountains in California The Geysers, comprising 30 square miles along the Sonoma and Lake County border, is the largest complex of geothermal power plants in the world. Calpine, the largest geothermal power producer in the U.S., owns and operates 15 power plants at The Geysers with a net generating capacity of about 725 megawatts of electricity - enough to power 725,000 homes, or a city the size of San Francisco. 20
Binary Power Plants Geothermal technologies can produce electricity from geothermal resources lower than 150 C (302 F). Binary geothermal facilities reduce geothermal energy s already low emission rate to zero often using an Organic Rankine Cycle system. The geothermal water heats another liquid, such as isobutane or pentafluoropropane, which boils at a lower temperature than water. The two liquids are kept completely separate through the use of a heat exchanger, which transfers the heat energy from the geothermal water to the working fluid. The secondary fluid expands into gaseous vapor which like steam, turns the turbines that power the generators. 21
Geothermal Pond and Lake Systems Closed-loops placed in ponds or lakes can take advantage of the cooler water temperature. However, such water bodies can reach fairly high temperatures in the summer. This reduces the effectiveness of the cooling cycle. Of course, if a shallow pond or lake freezes solid in the winter, it would affect the system efficiency and possibly damage the loop. 22
Toronto Deep Lake Cooling DLWC uses 90% less electricity than conventional air conditioning and 75% less energy overall. Draws approximately 70,000 GPM of 39 F water for Lake Ontario for cooling downtown buildings. DLWC cuts the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide emissions by 40,000 tons per year. Sulphur dioxide emissions are reduced by 176 tons each year. SO 2 combines in the atmosphere to make sulphuric acid, which kills aquatic life in Lake Ontario. Source: Tom Davey, www.esemag.com 23
Union College Steam Buildings on Central t Solution: Remove boiler and underground distribution system Install new geothermal vertical ground loop system HVAC Wireless thermostats, individual room webbased controls. 24
Types of Wind Machines Drag devices: Vertical Axis (VAWTs) 15% of wind power can be captured Windmill (Windmills and wind turbines are NOT the same thing) Lift devices: Horizontal Axis (HAWTs) Use aerodynamic foil like airplane wings Operate at several times wind speed that propels them Very high lift-to-drag ratio 59% of wind power can be captured (Betz s Law)
Types of WTGs WTGs are rated by the size of the generator 26
How Modern WTGs Work
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Land-Based Utility Systems
Types of Offshore Utility Systems 30
Solar Resources Solar Radiation Calculation The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one location on the Earth's surface varies according to these factors: Geographic location Time of day Season Local landscape Local weather. 32
Solar Energy Systems Thermal and Photovoltaic 33
Solar Thermal Energy Technology Solar Hot Water Pool Heating Systems This lightweight, but heavy-duty heating system raises the pool water temperature by approximately 10 F (6 C). The two, 2' x 20' (80 SF) collectors provide about 80,000 BTU s. The active direct solar hot water system uses the pool s existing filtration pump to move the solar hot water. These systems can be used at the residential scale and the larger institutional scale.
Solar Thermal Energy Technology Solar Hot Water Systems Active Pumped Systems: Can be either direct hot water or indirect (closed loop with heat exchange) Solar hot water systems do not typically replace an entire hot water system. There are some applications in certain locations (depending on the needs of the facility and the climate) that can satisfy demand simply by using solar hot water systems. However, it is more typical for a solar hot water system to be integrated/ supplemented with conventional hot water heating technology. 35
Concentrating Solar Power Technology Central Tower Receiver CSP Central tower receiver CSP is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive intensely focused sunlight. It uses an array of flat, movable mirrors (called heliostats) to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower receiver. Early tower CSP systems super-heated water directly and used the resulting steam to power a turbine. Newer designs use molten salts as the thermal transfer fluid. These molten salt systems have high heat capacity, and can be used to store the thermal energy at 1,050 F for up to 10 hours before using it to generate steam.
Concentrating Solar Power Technology Dish Stirling Engine CSP A dish Stirling engine CSP system uses a large, reflective, parabolic dish to focus sunlight on to a single point above the dish, where a receiver captures the remarkably high heat. Coupled with a Stirling engine, the receiver heats a working fluid (often hydrogen) that expands against a piston to produce mechanical power, which in turn runs 37 a generator.
Concentrating Solar Power Projects Solnova Solar Power Station 150 MW Parabolic Trough CSP Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain Completion: 2010 Thermal fluid: Oil With the 2010 commissioning of a third 50 MW unit, Solnova 4, Abengoa s Solnova Solar Power Station currently ranks as the world s largest parabolic trough solar CSP power plant in operation without energy storage capability. Generates 340.6 GWh annually and has a capacity factor of 25.9%.
Concentrating Solar Power Projects Rajasthan Concentrating Solar Power Project 250 MW Linear Fresnel Reflector CSP Rajasthan, India Projected completion: 2013 Upon completion of the 125 MW Phase 1 in 2013, the Rajasthan Concentrating Solar Power Project will become the world s largest linear fresnel reflector solar CSP power plant and the largest CSP plant of any type in Asia.
Solar PV Power Projects Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant 80 MW Cd Te Thin Film Photovoltaic Ontario, Canada Completed: 2010 Carbon Offset: 39,000 tons/ year Ontario Power 20-year PPA Built with First Solar CdTe thin film photovoltaic solar power technology and commissioned in 2010, the 80 MW Sarnia Solar Project is the largest operating solar PV power plant in Canada and was among the world s largest photovoltaic solar power plants at the time of it s commissioning. Generates 120 GWh annually and has a capacity factor of 17% (it s in Canada, not Arizona).
Solar PV Power Economics and Feasibility Residential Solar PV Cost Trends 41
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Types of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Site Specific Solutions Remote regions, islands, and off-grid locations have been the traditional sites for hybrid power generation. Often located beyond the reach of the conventional power grid and requiring special shipment of fuel to power generation plants, they pose a problem that can be solved with hybrid renewable energy systems. The cost of extending the conventional electrical grid to these locations is typically cost-prohibitive if not impossible, allowing HRES s to achieve parity.
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Projects Pacific Wind and Catalina Solar Project 270 MW Hybrid Wind Power + Solar PV Kern County, California, U.S. Projected completion: 2013 When completed, the consolidated enxco 140 MW Pacific Wind and 130 MW Catalina Solar generating plant will be perhaps the largest integrated wind + solar PV hybrid generation plant in the U.S. Currently under construction. Originally conceived separately but are almost immediately adjacent to one another, leading the installations to share a transmission gen-tie and facilities at the point of interconnection.
Turkey Foot Middle School Kenton County, KY Net zero MS with Energy Star Rating of 100! Solar PV Geothermal HVAC Natural lighting systems 45
AE Strategies for Buildings ZNE Projects NREL Research Support Facility 360,000 SF Zero Net Energy: Solar PV + Solar Thermal RE Generation Golden, Colorado, U.S. Project completion: 2011 LEED Platinum certification $91.4 million (solar PV not included) With an energy use intensity of 34.4 kbtu/sf/year and a 2.5 MW solar PV power plant, the Department of Energy s National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) LEED Platinum certified, 360,000 SF Research Support Facility is the world s largest completed zero net energy (ZNE) building. The Research Support Facility was developed, designed, and constructed as a designbuild project. As such, two fundamental project requirements were set: The firm fixed price of $64 million (phase 1) and an energy use intensity target of 35 kbtu/sf/year.
Building Integrated Solar PV 47
Electric Vehicle Solar PV Charging Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Gardens 48
Electric Motor Vehicles (EMVs) Vehicles are designed to be more compact, quieter and light weight. Improved emissions compared to gasoline powered vehicles More efficient (higher performance) than gasoline powered vehicles Utilize rechargeable batteries for energy supply Nickel-Metal hydride batteries are currently used Lithium batteries are becoming a more affordable and viable option 49
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Honda FCX Clarity About 200 vehicles will be leased over the next three years, primarily in Southern California. 1. Hydrogen tank Stores hydrogen 2. V Flow fuel cell stack Generates electricity 3. Lithium-ion battery Stores electricity 4. Power Drive Unit (PDU) Governs electrical flow 5. Electric drive motor Propels vehicle Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFCD) produces electricity by direct chemical reaction of fuel and oxidizer. The fuel cell consists of an oxidizer (Hydrogen) and a cathode to which an oxidant (air or oxygen) is supplied. 50
Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles DeKalb County Landfill Project - GNG is manufactured from landfill gas at this LEED-NC Gold facility south of downtown Atlanta. The Sanitation Department converted 40 vehicles from diesel fuel to CNG. The goal is to eventually replace or adapt its entire fleet of 306 sanitation vehicles with natural gas vehicles. The CNG fueling station is open to the public to encourage CNG usage for fleet and personal vehicles.. 51
Renewable Energy and Leading U.S. States States with renewable energy resources and incentive programs are making progress: Three states now generate more than 10% of their utility- scale electricity from wind, solar, and/or geothermal. Iowa leads the nation with 15.4% of its electricity now generated from wind power, followed by North Dakota (12.0% from wind) and California (10.1% from wind, solar, and geothermal). Idaho leads the U.S. in clean electricity as a percentage of its total generation (84% including hydro and biomass). Other states that get more than 60% of their electricity from renewable sources including hydro and biomass are Washington (71.59%), South Dakota (65%), and Oregon (63.84%). 52
Renewable Energy Is a Carbon Reduction Solution Benefits Renewables are carbon neutral Abundant resources Underutilized Capacities Low-cost fuel sources Decentralized facilities Ability to create new employment Challenges Can have higher initial costs Local/Regional focus Often require new infrastructure Lack of support by incumbent industries
What is the Future of Renewables? Market share will continue to increase especially in China and other developing countries. Growth in the U.S. will include military applications and sites. Costs of renewable energy systems will continue to decline. Focus on creative applications (e.g., off shore wind farm development). Automated data acquisition field data, loggers, monitoring Greater use of wireless control and remote monitoring systems. Greater integration of distributed generation, especially renewables. More web-based control, monitoring and measurement systems Potential to interconnect transportation systems with utility grid. M & V Real time assessments, calculations, responses. 54
Carbon Reduction Policies, Strategies and Technologies Reductions of local, regional, national and international greenhouse gas emissions in homes, businesses, industries and communities has become an international priority. This book describes in clear, concise, and understandable terms the nature and scope of the climate change problem. The authors propose a defined road map which can be implemented to help control and abate the alarming increases in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions. 55
Time for your questions! Please feel free to contact me Stephen Roosa, Ph.D. CEM, CSDP, CMVP, BEP Suite 214 1132 South First Street Louisville, Kentucky USA 40203 roosa.stephen@yahoo.com Copyright 2014 by Stephen A. Roosa, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved 56