Information Fusion Technology Requirements for the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSGI) Enterprise

Information Fusion Technology Requirements for the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSGI) Enterprise Phillip Q. Hwang Chief Scientist Pre-Acquisition Directorate National Imagery and Mapping Agency U.S.A hwangp@nima.mil Chung Hye Read Associate Chief Scientist Pre-Acquisition Directorate National Imagery and mapping Agency U.S.A readch@nima.mil Abstract --The future success of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) and the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSGI) will hinge on the agency s ability to deliver timely, tailored, precise data, information and knowledge to its customers. NIMA must understand what information truly matters and foster an analytical environment that encourages creativity and excellence. Achieving this vision will require transformation in a wide spectrum of activities, including leveraging revolutionary information and knowledge fusion methods, techniques and technologies. Since September 11, 2001, NIMA has restructured operations to ensure information superiority and is continuing the transformation from being a producer of imagery and geospatial information, to being a provider of geospatial intelligence that will enable decision dominance for its customers. The goals delineated by the NIMA Strategic Intent are based on delivering predictive and actionable decision knowledge extracted from fused data and information from multiple intelligence sources into a complete geospatially-referenced common operational picture (COP). The requirements of information superiority and decision dominance present tremendous challenges for NSGI and NIMA, as well as to the entire intelligence community. To rise to these challenges, NIMA envisions leveraging the best commercial and government business, operational and acquisition practices, migration strategies, commercial and mission specific technologies. NIMA is exploring the seamless integration of multiple disciplines through a new, modernized NSGI architecture and will enhance and promote strategic and business partnerships to deliver global Geospatial Intelligence that exceed customers expectations. Keywords: NIMA, Geospatial intelligence, NSGI, transformation, COP, Multi-INT, Functional Manager, SCOTs 1 Introduction In today's political, civil unrest, asymmetric conflicts, and military environment, it is becoming increasingly difficult to predict where in the world geospatial intelligent 1 information will be required. And, when the needs arise, responsiveness is measured in hours and days and in some cases minutes and hours versus the days and months normally needed to supply standard map, chart, and digital products. Users see advances in all-source geospatial intelligence technologies, fused geospatial intelligence networking, and virtual displays such as in Operation Enduring Freedom, and they expect to see these capabilities fielded quickly, in integrated packages, to support their mission. Those whom the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) serve, the White House, Congress, policy community, military commanders, law enforcement officials, and civil leaders, require reliable information with a geospatial foundation as common denominator. This information must be actionable, timely, accurate, current, detailed, easily accessible, and, in relative terms, affordable. NIMA s goal is no less than the delivery of a pervasive, ubiquitous knowledge map to enable our customers to achieve information superiority and decision dominance. NIMA mission is to provide timely, relevant, and accurate Geospatial Intelligence in crucial roles as both a National Intelligence and Combat Support Agency. As our vision statement, Know the Earth Show the way indicates, we provide Geospatial Intelligence in all its forms, from whatever source---imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial data and information ---to ensure the knowledge foundation for planning, decision, and action. We provide easy access to Geospatial Intelligence database for all stakeholders by creating tailored, customer-specific Geospatial Intelligence, analytic services, and solutions. The attacks of September 11, 2001, have profoundly changed the United States and our perception of what we now soberly understand is our "national security". Our 1 Geospatial Intelligence is a new term for imagery, imagery intelligence, geospatial data and information. Geospatial Intelligence is defined as the analysis and visual representation of security-related activities on the Earth. 784

immediate responses to this crisis have served to accelerate the profound changes already underway in the Agency---as articulately and authoritatevely expressed in the NIMA Commission Report. 2 NIMA Statement of Strategic Intent The attacks of September 11, 2001 accelerated with everclearer precision the vectors we must pursue and made us recognize what we must do ever so more aggressively. In January 2002, the Director of NIMA published the NIMA Statement of Strategic Intent, which established a set of 10 goals to guide the future transformation of NIMA and the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSGI) 2. For NIMA, this means capitalizing on ALL forms of what NIMA has traditionally categorized as imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial data and information---what we now call Geospatial Intelligence to foster integration of all-source intelligence because the data bases for which we serve as steward provide the visualization and analytical framework to enable informed and timely decisionmaking. Our central principle prompted by the September 11 crisis is to design our organization structure based on the temporal dimensions of NOW, NEXT, and AFTER- NEXT to facilitate our transformation. This principle applies to NIMA as a corporate enterprise and the broader NSGI it leads as Functional Manager. To be successful in responding to analysis and production demands, we need to tailor Geospatial Intelligence to meet highly specific needs and deliver parameter; faster and cheaper in an easily understood format. This constitutes the transformation of how NIMA does business. hallmark theme is transformation. 3 Drivers for Transformation 3.1 Information Superiority Our The changing world environment and the nation s evolving information needs have so significantly changed that a tightly integrated multi-discipline intelligence system that maximizes the strengths of all intelligence assets is critical to meeting IC stakeholder evolving information needs. In essence, the organizational boundaries and technology barriers among intelligence systems must be substantially modified to enable the application of the best resources to meet operational customer information needs, regardless of the organizational identity or location of the customer. 2 The National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSGI) is the integration of technology, policies, capabilities, and doctrine necessary to conduct Geospatial intelligence in a multi-intelligence environment. Accomplishing this goal will be neither inexpensive nor easy. The challenges and asymmetric threats facing our nation in this rapidly changing world, however, demand that this integration effort be pursued with speed, determination, and imagination. NIMA will collaborate with other intelligence organizations to assess and anticipate information superiority needs and will provide Functional Manager's leadership to fashion responsive solutions. In the context of a robust commercial imagery capability, information superiority will drive the enterprise to achieve solutions for: integrated monitoring/coordinating of all available assets; more responsive asset tasking; more timely access to and processing of data; and correlation and fusion. Geo-accuracy will play a key role: it will enhance the value of intelligence, and it will be essential to multi-use collection. 3.2 Decision Dominance Changing threats and operational environments will continually test U.S. decision dominance. We are faced with the need to anticipate and prepare to thwart current threats, emerging threats and future threats. These threats are co-joined with the need to address Homeland Defense/Security. The theatre of these threats is global and they give rise to a changing military and Intelligence Community strategy, resulting in an operational requirement characterized by decision superiority. All these provide challenges and opportunities for the NSGI enterprise and serve as drivers for modernization and transformation that will affect many facets of our business. The tempo of operations requires NSGI to enable our customers to see first, understand the implications first, decide first, act first and overwhelmingly control the operational space. This is the essence of decision dominance-our adversaries will not be able to do anything we do not want them to. 4 NIMA's Ten Goals as Strategic Intent To provide customers the advantage of information dominance and superiority across the full spectrum of national security operations, Ten Strategic Goals are established. Goal 1: Respond to analysis and production demands. NIMA s customers require Geospatial Intelligence, tailored to meet highly specific needs, delivered faster and cheaper, in an easily understood format. We will meet these needs by continually adapting ourselves, our analysis and production, our business practices, and our technology to support information and decision superiority. NIMA s global foundation databases, Earthreferenced and time-stamped, support information and 785

decision superiority through an evolving state of national security. Customize Geospatial Intelligence for each customer. NIMA s analysts will use innovative methods to correlate information to produce tailored Geospatial Intelligence that exceeds customer expectations. Manage this data rich environment. NIMA will create a digital information network, populate NIMA databases, and exploit all available Earth-derived, space-based, and airborne data. These databases will incorporate appropriate standards to ensure data interoperability. Moreover, NIMA will certify the lineage, integrity, and quality of the information and facilitate direct customer access. Goal 2: Champion and complete a complex set of major investments, to move us to the NEXT level of the National System for Geospatial Intelligence (NSGI). To provide the knowledge foundation for planning, decision, and action, NIMA will define, implement, and manage an overarching NSGI architecture and will appropriately invest in its cutting edge systems and analytical tools. To do this, we will use the best acquisition, management, and system engineering processes and will leverage technology and deliver solutions that enhance information and decision superiority. Migrate to an all-digital environment. NSGI will migrate to an alldigital environment to enable collaboration among geographically dispersed users from various intelligence disciplines. We will lead this transformation by developing, implementing, and enhancing systems, tools, and business processes. This transformation will include seamless libraries, collaborative exploitation, automated generation of information, a robust communications infrastructure, and community collection and information management in a multi-intelligence (Multi-INT) environment that supports the complete intelligence cycle. Ensure NSGI information interoperability in a collaborative and multi-source environment. Interoperability is central to information and decision superiority and collaboration in Multi- INT environment. Standards, adopted in concert with the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community, will leverage industry standards and be universally applicable. Community adherence to the NSGI architecture and data standards will revolutionize collaborative business practices in a common, Multi-INT environment. Improve acquisition, contract management, and systems engineering processes. Transitioning to an all-digital, interoperable environment requires smart, disciplined acquisition processes that balance efficiency, effectiveness, innovation, and affordability. NIMA will advance existing capabilities and will address systems and capability shortfalls by hiring skilled personnel, investing sufficient resources, institutionalizing best business practices, and committing to process improvement. Goal 3: Forge the AFTER-NEXT environment by constantly driving future technical trends and applying them t o operational needs, inserting technology rapidly, and providing relevant Geospatial Intelligence, services, and solutions. NIMA must map out a successful path that culminates in long-term solutions to worldwide issues while also providing strategic direction for an unknown, evolving future threat environment. We must forecast changes to the operating environment, determine future requirements, and realign investments to guarantee transformation. NIMA will interact with its customers to understand their future needs, work with commercial cutting-edge technologies, and incorporate the best business practices, to be the world leader in Geospatial Intelligence. Build and maintain the Geospatial Intelligence technology edge. NIMA will grow its Research and Development (R&D) investments to ensure we capitalize on breakthrough and enabling technologies. NIMA will focus its basic, applied, and advanced technology developments against the operational needs of its Geospatial Intelligence customers, always striving to insert leap ahead technologies into the NSGI. Goal 4: Align our human resource plans, policies, and services with our Strategic Intent and Core Values, in recognition that all that we do is completely dependent on our most important resource, our people government and contractor. NIMA s employees are the foundation of our success. We will continue to evaluate program effectiveness, benchmark against best practices, and implement new services to align our human capital program with our 786

Strategic Intent and Core Values. NIMA will recruit, develop, train, and retain a diverse government workforce with the knowledge and skills to meet current and future mission requirements and NIMA will integrate contractors as part of the team. Goal 5: Continue the transformation of our business model by using best practices t o enhance our position as the premier Geospatial Intelligence provider. NIMA will revolutionize our corporate services, business practices, and technology to remain the world leader in Geospatial Intelligence. Enhance corporate services t o anticipate changing business needs. NIMA will anticipate future corporate needs in the changing business environment. We will adopt innovative business strategies and practices to optimize corporate services. Adapt the best practices of electronic commerce. We will use a web-based business model and web-enabled technology to provide customers, stakeholders, and employees direct access to our data, information, analysis, tools, and services. Leverage technology so access t o Geospatial Intelligence is seamless and application independent. By providing robust exploitation tools and seamless digital libraries, NIMA will empower its customers to electronically self-serve, to custom-tailor products, and to value-add by overlaying intelligence information from multiple sources on our geospatial framework. The electronic interface will also serve as a receptor to gather information, conduct analysis, and proactively anticipate customers needs. Goal 6: Lead the NSGI as Functional Manager. NIMA leads the NSGI community by overseeing the development and implementation of Geospatial Intelligence programs. NIMA will improve performance, assure interoperability, enhance quality, and ensure the reliability of NSGI information, products, and services. NIMA will lead this effort through collaboration and strong management, with a policy of open covenants, openly made. Identify and advocate NSGI Community requirements. Working with our NSGI partners, NIMA will forecast changes to the operating environment, determine future needs and requirements, establish the plans to align investments, and present compelling evidence to oversight organizations to champion NSGI requirements. NIMA will work through community fora to perform annual NSGI program assessments. Establish, maintain, communicate, and enforce NSGI doctrine, policies, and guidance. NIMA will develop the necessary doctrine, policies, and guidance to enhance interoperability within an all-digital environment. Doctrine, policy, and guidance will ensure the use of compatible systems, tools, and business processes that enhance collaboration at multiple security levels. NIMA will work through community fora to assure understanding of and compliance with NSGI doctrine, policies, and guidance. Develop and deliver Geospatial Intelligence training. NIMA will develop and deliver training for NIMA employees and our global customers in the Geospatial Intelligence discipline. Curricula will emphasize essential skills and integrated training programs at the intermediate and advanced levels. NIMA will work through community fora to establish training standards and curricula. Implement innovative operational concepts and continuous business process improvement within the NSGI community. NIMA pursues improvement in NSGI capabilities through the identification of best business practices and the creation of cutting-edge operational concepts. We will integrate these concepts and business practices with those of our mission partners, the Intelligence Community, and our military and civil customers. Goal 7: Capitalize on all forms of traditional or non-traditional data to include National Technical Means, airborne, civil, and commercial sources. Twenty-first century technology is dramatically increasing data sources available to NIMA. In addition to the traditional sources, new civil and commercial spacebased and airborne systems are rapidly maturing, with next-generation systems under development. New sensor types are reaching across the electromagnetic spectrum to provide new, non-traditional data sources. Collection volumes from new platforms and sensors are growing and will continue to grow dramatically in the future. NIMA must exploit these new sources to produce and deliver information that is both timely and relevant to our customers needs. 787

Develop capabilities to acquire, store, and use data. NIMA will lead efforts to harness the explosion of data and information by providing systems and tools which enable the sorting and fusing of relevant elements to answer intelligence and operational questions. Increased storage within an integrated, geospatially referenced information library will be required along with increased communications bandwidth to cope with increased data types and volumes. Train NSGI analysts to use these new data sets. Our knowledge-based work force will be equipped with new skill sets and automated tools that will enable them to work collaboratively in groups that bring together expertise from multiple agencies. We will modernize analyst training and curricula across the NSGI community to ensure customers can effectively interoperate using these new data sources. Goal 8: Champion multi-intelligence collaboration. Customers have high expectations from the Intelligence Community for timely, relevant, accurate, predictive and actionable intelligence. These expectations cannot be satisfied from stove-piped solutions. NIMA, working with the Community, will foster the integration of multiple intelligence disciplines into a coherent, multiintelligence architecture. Develop new tools, tradecraft, and methodologies for the analytic environment of the future. NIMA is committed to modernizing the tools, tradecraft, and analytic methodologies of Geospatial Intelligence. This is imperative, given the volume of data provided by new collection systems, the surge in demand, and the shrinkage of customer timelines. New business practices will be analytically based and will take advantage of emerging technology and strategic partnerships. Invest resources aggressively in research and development (R&D) t o develop multi-intelligence solutions. NIMA will focus its R&D efforts on highpayoff, unique technologies and processes to achieve the goals of a multi-intelligence environment. Align the acquisition program. NIMA will align its acquisition and systems engineering programs with those of its mission partners to build an overarching, multiintelligence architecture that supports information interoperability in a collaborative environment. As a first step, NIMA will strive to establish a joint requirements and tasking initiative with the National Security Agency s Cryptologic Mission Management initiative. Goal 9: Rely on our partners both domestic and foreign to help conduct our mission. NIMA will leverage our programs with those of other U.S. Government agencies, international partners, commercial industry, the not-for-profit sector, and academia to provide the world s best Geospatial Intelligence via the best data sources, tools, and analytical expertise support to our customers. Expand partnerships with agencies, contractors, academia, not-for-profit organizations, and foreign nations. We will leverage partnerships to develop an integrated, interoperable, multi-intelligence architecture that accommodates new types of multi-media, multispectral, and multi-source information. Look first to the commercial sector for new sources, value-added data, information services, and infrastructure support. Where it makes good business sense, we will outsource current intelligence production and mission support services. We will incorporate greater use of commercial imagery as a primary source of Geospatial Intelligence. Goal 10: Transform our infrastructure. NIMA will equip our workforce with safe and modern workspaces, secure connectivity, and responsive services. Our information, systems, and networks will be secure, reliable, and capable of supporting worldwide users without disruption of service. Ensure secure connectivity that fosters access to all relevant sources o f information. NIMA will use risk management and effective information security tools to promote secure access to our information at all classification levels. We will take advantage of modern voice, video, and desktop sharing tools to greatly improve collaboration, productivity, and synergy in the new security environment. Modernize and expand the NIMA Enterprise Networks and Systems. To ensure mission success, we will modernize and expand our networks and systems to create a digital infrastructure that speeds information throughout NIMA and to our customers. NIMA 788

will create robust networks, databases, and systems that use commercial components supplemented with unique capabilities where needed. New network and system monitoring tools will reduce maintenance and downtime. Enhance continuity of operations. NIMA will invest in redundant capabilities in our physical and digital infrastructure to operate, survive, and recover from any disruption of service. We will deploy people and design facilities, infrastructure, systems, and services to guarantee the availability of Geospatial Intelligence. Modernize and consolidate our facilities to ensure security and promote productivity. A modern, technologically savvy workforce requires a secure, 21st century workplace. NIMA is committed to consolidating our operations, closing excess facilities, and reducing operating costs. Plan and occupy a NIMA East consolidated campus on a protected site. NIMA will develop plans for the consolidation of all Eastern operations into a single campus on a secure reservation. It will be attack-hardened to preclude a single point of failure. 5 Key Vision Themes The following "themes" have strong implications in the development of the NSGI Enterprise Vision as guided by the NIMA Statement of Strategic Intent. They are loosely grouped into 3 categories (Business Area Impacts, Business Philosophy and Strategic Enablers). Table 1.Themes with Strong Implications Business Area Impacts Geospatial Intelligence Integration Changing Customer Priorities Functional Manager Role Multi-INT Diverse Mix of Imagery Sources Imageryderived MASINT Predictive and Actionable Intel to support Decision Dominance: e-intel c- Intel d-intel Business Philosophy Customer partnership (Customer Facing) Knowledge formation and Ubiquitous Access Innovative Capability Increases Backed by Business Process and Technology Advances: e-nima c- NIMA k- NIMA 5.1 Business Area Impacts Strategic Enablers Apply Best Practices (Government and Commercial) Leverage Commercial Sources Domain Leadership for the Multi-INT TCPED 3 Process Continual Injection of Revolutionary Business and Technological Improvements Pervasive Fusion of data, information and knowledge Geospatial Intelligence Integration This is the foundation mission for which NIMA was established. It represents the fundamental components of Geospatial production and Imagery services provided to NIMA customers and supported by the current NSGI baseline; this mission may be met through acquisition, in-house production, outsourcing, or any combination that effectively and efficiently satisfies customer requirements and priorities. We must optimally allocate resources, including the ability to surge. Changing Customer Priorities The asymmetric threats of the 21 st century present many challenges to our nation. They underscore the need to provide timely, relevant, accurate, predictive and actionable content to our customers. International borders do not bound asymmetric threats terrorism has and requires a global reach. As a vital leader of the Intelligence Community we need to employ innovative ways to support decision-makers at all levels, anywhere and anytime. Functional Manager Role NIMA leads the NSGI community by overseeing the development and implementation of geospatial intelligence programs, the cornerstone of Multi-INT integration. To maximize effectiveness of geospatial intelligence, NSGI must enhance performance and quality, and 3 TCPED Tasking, Collection, Processing, Exploitation, and Dissemination 789

ensure the reliability of its products and services. It will lead in requirement identification, strategic investment, and the implementation of concepts and business processes to balance efficiency, effectiveness, innovation, and affordability. Multi-INT Multi-INT fusion over the intelligence-geospatial foundation is the key to provide decision-makers with capability to support operations and visualize the operational space. This can include the overlay of mission-specific threat and situational information, friendly force data, weather, and other intelligence information on the basic intelligence and geospatial reference framework. The NSGI enterprise architecture will be scalable and extendable to support evolving Multi- INT concepts across multi-discipline, multi-agency boundaries, enabling exploitation of phenomenology, multi-source data correlation, information fusion, data search and retrieval, and right knowledge-right place-right time. Diverse Mix of Imagery Sources The seamless integration of imagery collected from aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) platforms, including video, into the National Technical Means (NTM) and Commercial mix will be a critical requirement for NSGI. In addition to more imagery from NTM, there will be more imagery from UAV, and manned tactical platforms. Through NSGI repository deployments, images and image products will be available to NSGI throughout the imagery intelligence community. This is a significant and critical source for enabling information and knowledge extraction. Imagery-derived MASINT This technically derived intelligence is maturing as a discipline to detect, locate, track, identify, and describe the unique characteristics of fixed and dynamic targets; its integration into NSGI will affect all mission elements. Predictive and Actionable Intel NSGI must respond to changing threats and operational environments with on-demand information, fused and fusible data, adding extreme detail just-intime/better-than-in-time, while supporting seamless integration within operating environments against diminishing timelines. The future calls for in-cycle actionable knowledge, at a level that assures the correctness of seeing first, understanding first, deciding first, and dominating decisively and pervasively. 5.2 Business Philosophy Customer Partnership (Customer Facing) We must achieve deep understanding of the requirements trade space, evolving military doctrine and evolving Intelligence Community requirements for information superiority. Operational priorities will align with customer requirements. These will define needed levels of investment in intelligence resources by the military services and allow us to identify gaps. Knowledge Formation and Ubiquitous Access We must ensure that information and knowledge from NSGI are universally accessible, reliable, integrated, and relevant. To this end, we must provide substantive information and support for information and decision superiority via modern information technology means. Innovative Capability Increases Backed by Business Process and Technology Advances NSGI will evolve to break stovepipe technology by utilizing mostly Standard based Commercial on the Shelf (SCOTs) to provide increasingly responsive and comprehensive access to information and knowledge. Characteristics of the potential states in increasing levels of advancement may be defined notionally as: 5.3 Strategic Enablers Apply Best Practices (Government and Commercial) NIMA will instill new business practices achieving optimal use of people, facilities, processes and technology, transforming Government practices and strategies to leverage commercial best practices, including development, insertion, deployment cycles and performance. We will use the best available acquisition, migration and systems integration and engineering processes, leverage SCOTs based technology, and deliver systems and tools that provide every possible advantage to the NSGI community, leveraging from commercial industry to the extent practicable. We will strengthen our understanding of what is possible through an effective allocation for advanced technology research, development, and insertion programs. Leverage Commercial Sources NIMA needs a business model with understanding of the need of outsourcing and partnerships, to include imagery acquisition, acquisition of commodity data, operation of infrastructure, production of legacy MC&G products, and science-based geospatial intelligence analysis. Domain Leadership for the Multi-INT TCPED Process NIMA will collaborate with Intelligence Community partners to achieve synergy 790

across the various disciplines. NIMA will play a key role in the Multi-INT convergence based on its responsibility for the imagery and geospatial foundation. Continual Injection of Revolutionary Business and Technological Improvements The NSGI Enterprise Architecture (NEA) evolution will be supported by an innovative, agile acquisition process, driven by business process reengineering, matched to an approach for associated technologies and business models, strategies and practices. Pervasive Fusion Requirements Fusion of data to support the generation of information; the fusion of information to generate knowledge; the fusion of knowledge to generate intelligence at the syntactical, semantic and cognitive levels. 6 Conclusions NIMA, like other government, industry, and academic organizations, is faced with a range of opportunities and challenges due to the need to foster integration of georeferenced geospatial intelligence with the wealth of intelligence sources to provide the visualization and analytical framework to enable decision-makers information and decision superiority. It is critical for NIMA to apply promising SCOTs technologies to more efficiently turn raw imagery and data into actionable geospatial intelligence. With increasingly ubiquitous high-resolution commercial imagery and derived geospatial information, data fusion technology, which provides accurate human understandable information, is critical for NIMA s mission. Data/information/knowledge fusion technologies, particularly in geospatial intelligence of geopositioning, integrated Multi-INT database management systems, geo-referenced 3-D site modeling, and cueing methods, are some of the most critical areas that NIMA needs to make progress in by transforming how we do business. Continued Government and commercial investments involving transformation of business philosophy and business practices are anticipated to solve problems related to fostering integration of intelligence in multi- INT environment. NIMA intends to leverage and invest in the private sectors, including academia and the commercial market place, to develop the data/information/knowledge fusion technologies critical to the successful implementation of geospatial intelligence in multi-intelligence environments. [3] DCI Strategic Intent (1999) [4] NIMA Statement of Strategic Intent, Jan 2002 [5] Report of the Independent Commission on the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, December 2000 [6] Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on NIMA, April 2000 [7] NIMA Directorate of Operations Vision 2005 [8] USIGS 2010 Concept of Operations, September 2001 References [1] Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Vision 2010 [2] Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Vision 2020 791