WIND ENERGY GROUP 3 MEMBERS: ALEJANDRO ESPINOLA JUAN C. ENRIQUEZ LINDA ALAMILLO THOMAS BROWN BRUCE SAENZ

WIND ENERGY GROUP 3 MEMBERS: ALEJANDRO ESPINOLA JUAN C. ENRIQUEZ LINDA ALAMILLO THOMAS BROWN BRUCE SAENZ

Overview Problem statement Wind EnergyTechnologies Technical development Status in Renewable Energy Wind Energy Policies and future prospects Environmental impact

Problem statement The problem is that there is a limited supply of fossil fuels on this earth, and we must reduce our consumption of fossil fuels and find other ways to harness electrical energy to meet the demands required within society, by depending on precious fossil fuels.

Wind Energy Technologies Alta Wind Energy Center (USA) City: Kern County, CA Commissioning: 2010 190 turbines Vestas V90/3000 (power 3000 kw, diameter 90 m) Total nominal power: 570,000 kw Operational Onshore wind farm Developed by: Terra-Gen Power

Wind Energy Technologies Roscoe Wind Farm (USA) City: Roscoe, TX 782 MW 209 turbines enough to power more than 250,000 average Texan homes Mitsubishi MWT-1000-61 (power 1000 kw, diameter 61.4 m) Hub height: 75 m Onshore wind farm Annual production: 1,953 GW/h

Wind Energy Technologies Anholt Offshore Wind Farm (Denmark) County / Zone: Offshore Total power: 292 MW Estimated annual production: 729 GW.h 81 turbine(s) Siemens SWT-3.6-120 (power 3600 kw, diameter 120 m) Hub height: 120 m Total nominal power: 291,600 kw Developed by: Dong Energy To be completed in 2013

Technical Development USA Competitive design and production. Selective and theoretical standardization and evaluation. Denmark Collaborative design and production. Explicit and practical standardization and evaluation.

USA Design and Production Focused on aerospace framing and aerodynamic efficiency. Mod Program: applied high-tech research and built a reliable cost-competitive wind turbine (3MW 5MW). Communication infrastructure Not good communication: Producers and suppliers did not work together. Attempted to build all products at once. Ignored ideas like the dynamic structure of turbine blades (sought light construction material). Standardization and Evaluation Little emphasis on comparative testing. Focused on theoretical models rather than improving materials and hardware.

Denmark Design and Production Design was based on experience with agricultural experience, and they focused on reliability instead of aerodynamic efficiency. Collaborative network created to process and share information among coworkers. Trial and error was facilitate by implementing various product development stages. The Danish worked on improving materials and hardware, and compared every new product to their theoretical models. Communication infrastructure Started with low-tech mills. Scaled up technologies in small steps to complete product. System: design hubs, high-quality shafts, mechanical brakes, electronic control systems, components of the yaw-systems, and quality gears (optimize process). By 2004 the four largest wind turbines were Danish. Standardization and Evaluation Established evaluation mechanisms. Funded a test station by 1978 (Test Station for Smaller Turbines) used to compare wind turbines so that standards coevolved with technology.

Renewable Energy in USA 13.2 % of the domestically produced electricity in 2012. milestone in the 1st quarter of 2011 since it contributed 11.7 % of total U.S. energy production (2.245 quadrillion BTUs of energy). Hydroelectric Power is currently the major producer of renewable power in the U.S. => 6.2% of the nation's total electricity in 2010 (60.2% of the total renewable power). U.S. Wind Power installed capacity now surpasses 60,000 MW and supplies 3% of the nation's electricity. Texas is the leader in wind power development, followed by Iowa and California. The largest photovoltaic power plant in U.S is the over 200 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Yuma County, Arizona. The Geysers in Northern California is the biggest complex of geothermal energy production in the world. Wind energy is the world's fastest-growing energy technology.

Renewable Energy in USA

Renewable Energy in USA

Renewable Energy in USA Technologies: solar PVs & STP plants, wind farms, hydroelectricity, geothermal power, ocean power systems and biomass use. America needs energy that: Secure Reliable Improve public health Protects the environment Addresses climate changes Creates jobs Provides technological leadership Renewable energy!!! The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity. GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer. US has the potential of installing 10 million MW of onshore wind power and 4 million MW of offshore wind. [ Landowners typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine. Sandia National Laboratories has a total budget of $2.4 billion and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has a budget of $375 million for research in renewable energies.

Renewable Energy in USA Renewable Generation (Billion kwh) Electricity Production by Renewables in 2011

Renewable Energy in USA Yearly US Renewable Electricity Production (billion kwh) by Source Total Technical Potential Energy by 2012

Renewable Energy in USA Wind Energy Projects: NREL: improving wind plant power production, reducing their capital costs, and making wind energy more cost effective overall. SNL: focuses on the development of materials, aerodynamics, and sensors. FLOWE (The Field Laboratory for Optimized Wind Energy): research renewable approaches to wind energy farming technology practices that have the potential to reduce the cost, size, and environmental impact of wind energy production. WPA (Wind Powering America): collaborates with key state and regional stakeholders, including farmers, ranchers, Native Americans, rural electric cooperatives, consumerowned utilities, and schools to break down barriers associated with wind energy development. The Wind Program and NOAA co-fund a forecast improvement project that uses targeted wind observations and advanced forecast models and algorithms to help manage the contribution of wind energy to electricity grids. Renewable Energy Sources: Continually Replenished (energy from water, wind, sun, etc.) In contrast, fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are non-renewable. Both renewable and non-renewable energy sources are used to produce electricity Renewables themselves are non-polluting (but + or - environmental impacts).

Wind Power: Renewable Energy in USA Wind turbines usually have two or three blades. Turbines are mounted on tall towers to capture the most energy. As the blades turn, the central shaft spins a generator to make electricity. The power in wind increases fast with its speed. Negative impacts in wildlife deaths. (birds and bats) However by collision!! Noise has mostly been eliminated through enhanced engineering. How it works: A blade acts much like an airplane wing The force of the lift is actually much stronger than the wind's force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag. The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind side of the blade The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it, causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. and the turning shaft spins a generator to make electricity

Renewable Energy in USA

Renewable Energy in USA Wind Farm Growth Through the Years 46 WF enough to power 294k homes 97 WF E to P 592k homes 270 WF E to P 2.9 M homes 815 WF E to P 15 M homes

Renewable Energy in USA U.S. installed wind capacity grew 17% in 2011, to 47 GW.4 Future estimates range from 63 to roughly 300 GW by 2030 Based on the average U.S. electricity fuel mix, 1 MWh of wind energy displaces about 1,200 tons of CO2. With 300 GW of installed wind energy, 825 million tons of CO2 emissions could be avoided annually in 2030.

Renewable Energy in USA Market Shares of top10 Wind turbine manufacturers

Renewable Energy in Denmark In Denmark, savings and efficiency improvements have been important parts of the energy policy since the first oil crisis in 1973. 14% of fossil fuels have been replaced by renewable energy. Both transportation and electricity consumption as well as the heated space area have increased considerably in the last 30 yrs. Adding flexible energy technologies and designing integrated energy system solutions. The Danish electricity demand is expected to go up from 35 TWh in year 2001 to 41 TWh in year 2020 equal to an annual rise of approximately 0.8%. The installed capacity of wind power in year 2001 is expected to rise from 570 to 1850 MW in East Denmark and from 1870 to 3860 MW in West Denmark in the year 2020. The raise is mainly due to the implementation of one 150 MW offshore wind farm every year. Adding electrolysers to the system and at the same time give a further addition of wind turbines in the voltage and frequency regulation of the electricity supply. 15 GW wind power can be reached by installing 500 MW/yr. Today Danish facilities produce approximately 3000 MW wind power per year.

Renewable Energy in Denmark In 2020, a share of at least 30 % of final energy consumption consist of renewable energy. Requires that at least 10 % of energy expenditure in the transport sector comes from renewable energy by 2020. Developments in the farm area since the early 1980s. Today, wind turbines with a significant input to electricity supply in Denmark and growth continues. There are technical requirements for wind farms connected to grids with voltages above 100 kv, and technical requirements for wind turbines connected to grids with voltages below 100 kv. Energy Agency is the authority for planning and installation of wind turbines at sea. Denmark is the country with the greatest experience in environmental studies for offshore wind farms. In the Energy Agreement of 22 in March 2012 it was decided to establish a wind farm of 400MW at Horns Rev in the North Sea and a 600 MW wind farm at Krieger's Flak in the Baltic Sea.

Renewable Energy in Denmark Potential Renewable Energy sources in Denmark (Danish Energy Agency, 1996)

Renewable Energy in Denmark Below is an overview of offshore wind farms in Denmark and number of turbines, production size (MW) and incorporation. wind power capacity and wind power share of domestic electricity supply

Renewable Energy in Denmark Projects: The establishment of six new wind turbines at sea off the port of Frederikshavn. Build and operate Anholt Offshore Wind Farm. The park will be 400 MW and will generate comparable to 400,000 households the consumption of environmentally friendly power. E.ON Vind Sverige AB has built Roedsand II - a wind farm of 207 MW south of Lolland. Establish seven wind turbines north of Sprogø. Climate and Energy Ministry has a green scheme which can provide financial support to initiatives undertaken to encourage local approval by the expansion of new onshore wind turbines. After the green scheme, local authorities may seek reimbursement from Energinet.dk for projects that improve the landscape and recreational opportunities in the municipality. Moreover to culture and information activities. Vestas Denmark facility

Renewable Energy in Denmark

Comparative Studies: US and Denmark Biggest Manufacturers of wind 1. Vestas (Denmark) 2. Sinovel 3. Goldwend 4. Gamesa 5. Enercon 6. GE Energy (USA)

Comparative Studies (cont.) Denmark push to become a pioneer in 1970s Government funding to a Wind Power Programme High in-home demand High involvement of clients and stakeholders in design process First in market California in 1980s

Comparative Studies: (cont.) US Market Development Design phase since 1974 though 1980s with NASA Technology Funded by NSA and DoE In 1980s, California provided tax brakes that boosted wind technology Wind energy was embraced until 2000

Manufacturing Use fiber glass for blade structure In-house production High emissions of volatile gasses Usage of carbon fiber for partial blade structure Larger rotor sizes Outsources to sounding countries High emissions of volatile gasses

Environmental impact Positive Impacts: No fuel emissions Combats global warming Renewable Negative: Noise Animal life Landscape

Land Use Turbines will occupy less space depending on land (flat, hilly, offshore) A good planning is required to reduce impact

Wildlife 1.4 million dead birds and bats National Wind Coordinating Collaborative (NWCC) Grassland and Shrub-Steppe Species Collaborative Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative

Wind Energy Policies in the U.S. Federal Policy Community Wind Act USDA Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines State Policy State Tax Incentives State Policy Campaigns Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) State Wind Ordinances

Wind Energy Policies in Denmark Promotes all types of renewable energy Energy efficiency Taxes on energy Heat savings and use of renewable energy in buildings Municipal heat planning Energy efficiency and savings Energy for transport.