Disaster and Recovery: Working Toward More Resilient Communities THALIA ANAGNOS AVP GRADUATE & UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS FEBRUARY 21, 2018
Resilience Ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events Environment (built & natural) Disaster Resilience : A National Imperative National Academies Press, 2012 Political Economic Social Earthquakes/Tsunamis Weather-induced disasters Climate-induced disasters Wildfires Human-induced disasters Infectious disease outbreaks
2010 Haiti Earthquake M7.3 Political Environment (built & natural) Economic Social 60% of government buildings destroyed Incapacitated government Airport, ports and many roads inoperable Slowed access to aid No access to clean water and sanitation Cholera (6% of population affected) 1.5 million people displaced Destruction of social fabric (families, schools, healthcare, jobs, access to food, etc.) $8 billion in damage ($15 billion losses) more than annual gross domestic product (GDP)
Before Resilience Ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events Determine risks Communicate Risks Mitigate risks Develop capacity to respond Develop policies Engage the community During Warn community Monitor the situation Evacuate After Short term Communicate Restore vital systems Food, water, shelter Safety Healthcare Assess damage Long term Plan for future Mitigate risks Rebuild
Worldwide trends are fueling the discussion 10 year average total economic loss 2016 $54 bill 2017 >$100 bill Insurance Industry losses (Swiss Re)
Explore examples of resilience from the 2010 Chile earthquake Tsunami warning system Urban planning and urban redesign Use of base isolation
Chile sits on a convergent plate boundary on the Ring of Fire
S. Central Chile Feb. 27, 2010 M 8.8, 3:34 AM 500 times more powerful than 2010 Haiti Plate rupture 550 km long; 80% population felt EQ 3 minutes of shaking 526 deaths 370,000 homes damaged $30 billion loss (18% GDP) Tsunami
Explore examples of resilience from the 2010 Chile earthquake Tsunami warning system Urban planning and urban redesign Use of base isolation
Subduction earthquake generated tsunami South American Plate Nazca Plate
Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami Tsunami warning center 1. Monitor earthquakes globally 2. CAN EQ generate tsunami?
Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami Tsunami warning center 1. Monitor earthquakes globally 2. CAN EQ generate tsunami? 3. Monitor sea surface height
Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami Tsunami warning center 1. Monitor earthquakes globally 2. CAN EQ generate tsunami? 3. Monitor sea surface height International and Chilean gauges
Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami Tsunami warning center 1. Monitor earthquakes globally 2. CAN EQ generate tsunami? 3. Monitor sea surface height International and Chilean data 4. Model estimated time to arrival
Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami Tsunami warning center 1. Monitor earthquakes globally 2. CAN EQ generate tsunami? 3. Monitor sea surface height International and Chilean data 4. Model estimated time to arrival o Distant or local event
Warning the community can mitigate human and economic losses from a tsunami Tsunami warning center 1. Monitor earthquakes globally 2. CAN EQ generate tsunami? 3. Monitor sea surface height International and Chilean data 4. Model estimated time to arrival 5. Warn impacted communities
Warning System Move or secure vulnerable objects Shut down sensitive systems Warn local community Increased Resilience Evacuate Warn communities globally EQ warning systems (Japan, Taiwan, Mexico, US) Receive via phone, TV, radio, siren Move to safe place (under desk, away from machinery, ) Stop surgery procedure Stop car to side of road or prevent from entering tunnel Slow high speed rail Warn plane from landing Open firehouse doors Stop sensitive industry processes Isolate systems to prevent cascading failures
Explore examples of resilience from the 2010 Chile earthquake Tsunami warning system Urban planning and urban redesign Use of base isolation
18 minutes after the EQ Constitución was inundated by the tsunami La Poza
Before After
City developed sustainable reconstruction plan Relocate 100 families from La Poza Social considerations (fisherman, land owned for generations, close to town)
City developed sustainable reconstruction plan Relocate 100 families from La Poza Social considerations (fisherman, land owned for generations, close to town) Create forest where La Poza used to be (acts as tsunami buffer)
City developed sustainable reconstruction plan Relocate 100 families from La Poza Social considerations (fisherman, land owned for generations, close to town) Create forest where La Poza used to be (dissipate 40% to 70% of tsunami power) Government partnered with Elemental architectural firm to build Villa Verde Only had $10,000 per house, designed ½ a good house (40 m 2, 430 ft 2 ) Kitchen/lounge, a bathroom and two bedrooms
Villa Verde today Social housing, but units owned by occupants
Villa Verde today
Urban Redesign Reduced industrial runoff into river Engaged community in planning Relocated residents to safer location Increased Resilience Created tsunami buffer Affordable attractive homes Other considerations Created community green space near the river Accelerated reconstruction (6 months for plan, 4 years to complete) Families own their homes Loss of previous community Far from jobs and services Lack of transportation Fear of forest fires
Explore examples of resilience from the 2010 Chile earthquake Tsunami warning system Urban planning and urban redesign Use of base isolation
Alto Rio Photograph: Primera Compañía de Concepción Photograph: Claudio Nunez Why Buildings Behave Badly
Inadequate Connections Motion Amplification (Resonance) Ground Failure Heavy Structures Asymmetric Shapes Previous Damage Damage & Collapse Brittle Materials
Newton s Second Law F = ma m = mass of building a = acceleration of ground Think what this means about how different types of structures respond to earthquakes ground acceleration Animation from www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/ engineering/engineering5.html
T = 2π m k m m k Building Height Typical Natural Period k increase building period 2 story 0.2 sec 5 story 0.5 sec m 10 story 1.0 sec 20 story 2.0 sec 30 story 3.0 sec k
Resonance
frequency content of ground motion close to building's natural frequency tends to amplify building response building suffers the greatest damage from ground motion at a frequency close or equal to its own natural frequency Mexico City earthquake of Sept. 19, 1985 Collapsed majority of collapsed buildings ~ 20 stories tall T~ 2.0 seconds Minimal Damage different heights & natural periods, undamaged even though located right next to damaged 20 story buildings
Base Isolators Limit the Ground Motion That Enters the Building Displacement is concentrated in isolators Reduces drift between stories Click Here
Social Housing at Santa Cruz first floor completely collapsed 2 deaths 3 other buildings significant damage government demolished all and built new social housing community full ownership of units 2 x size of previous units
Let s go down to the basement
Clínica San Carlos de Apoquindo Not isolated base isolated
Base isolator
Base isolation Reduced damage Damage concentrated in isolators Increased Resilience Functional immediately after EQ Protection of contents Cost not significantly higher
Base Isolation at SFO 267 friction pendulum bearings Bearings reduce EQ force demands on building by 70% Each bearing can displace up to 20 inches horizontally in any direction SFO International Terminal Isolators: Earthquake Protection Systems
Base Isolators - Historic Building SF City Hall - extensive damage in Loma Prieta EQ 530 seismic isolators (elastomeric bearings) 26 inch horizontal movement Additional reinforcing New ground floor Concrete shear walls around the light courts Steel collectors to deliver seismic forces to new shear walls Reinforcing of rotunda tower walls Installation of steel braces and shotcrete walls at various levels of the dome
Other Bay Area Retrofits with Base Isolators Oakland City Hall Hearst Mining Building, UC Berkeley Ninth District U.S. Court of Appeals Asian Art Museum Channing House Palo Alto Martin Luther King, Jr. Civic Center Building, Berkeley Approach to Golden Gate Bridge Richmond-San Rafael Bridge
issue a consensus report that integrates information from the natural, physical, technical, economic, and social sciences to identify ways to increase national resilience to hazards and disasters in the United States. Characteristics of a resilient nation Goals and actions to be taken to achieve this vision All-hazards approach
Disaster Resilience : A National Imperative National Academies Press, 2012
You have your work cut out for you Resources: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/resilientamerica