MitsuoYOSHIDA and Kazuya SUZUKI Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 5-25 Nibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8012 Yoshida.Mitsuo.2@jica.go.jp 1. Informal Sector in Urban Solid Waste Management Street Waste Pickers, Dump Waste Pickers, Dealers Waste Stream and the Role of Informal Sector 2. Case Studies Waste Generation and Discharging (Dhaka) Waste Collection and ation (Dhaka) Intermediate Treatment (Phnom Penh) Final Disposal (Buenos Aires, Ulaanbaatar) 3. Conclusions 4. Recommendations 1
Internalization of Informal Sector Activities into Urban Solid Waste Management WASTE STREAM AND INFORMAL SECTOR Waste Generation:3,200t/day Small-scale Waste Buyers and/or Street Waste Pickers: 420t/day Discharge: 2,780t/day ation: 1,400t/day Final Disposal: 1,385t/day Street Waste Pickers and/or Illegal Dumping(?): 1,380t/day Dump Waste Pickers: 15t/day Modified from Dhaka City Corporation and JICA (2005) Recyclable Markets 435t/day 2
Reuse & Recycle by Waste Generators Reuse & Recycle by Collection Process Recycling Plant Generation Discharge Collection Intermediate Treatment Final Disposal Street Waste Pickers Informal Sector Dump Waste Pickers Recyclable Dealers / Junk Shops Internalization of Informal Sector Activities into Urban Solid Waste Management WASTE GENERATION AND DISCHARGING 3
Dhaka: Community Composting Community composting Established and managed by a local NGO Door-to-door collection of bio-degradable waste Employment of street waste pickers for compost plant workers and doorto-door collectors Distribution of compost barrels for slum dwellers Advantage Creation of job opportunity for street waste pickers Pre-treatment for composting Income generation for slum dwellers Internalization at Discharging Process Waste Generators Discharge Collection Final Disposal Biodegradable solid waste Common Flow in Solid Waste Management System Biodegradable solid waste Decentralized Community Composting participation Street Waste Pickers employing Slum Dwellers NGO Distributing drums and motivating 4
Pretreatment for community composting by slum dwellers, Dhaka City (photos: Yoshida, 2003) Community Composting conducted by NGO in Dhaka City. (photos: Yoshida, 2004) Internalization of Informal Sector Activities into Urban Solid Waste Management COLLECTION & TRANSPORTATION AND INTERMEDIATE TREATMENT 5
Dhaka: Primary collection Primary Collection Service Door-to-door collection and linkage with public secondary collection service Collection fee Established and managed by Community-based organization (CBO) Advantage Creation of job opportunity for waste pickers Source separation of recyclables Internalization at Collection Process City Corporation (Inspectors) Community SWM Committee Service Provider (NGO/CBO) Facilitation & Cooperation Service Provider (City Corporation) Primary Collection Service Street Waste Pickers Secondary Collection & ation Waste Generators Discharge Community Waste Station/Bin Final Disposal Site 6
Community-based (Ward-based) Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City. Primary door-todoor collection is implemented by CBO involving street waste pickers. (Photos by Yoshida, 2005) Manufacturing Crafts from recycled papers and plastics Intermediate Treatment Final Disposal Waste Pickers Self Help Group (SHG) Construction of Waste Picker Development Center (WPDC) Training service from NGO, Community Sanitation and Recycling Organization (CSARO) Support from the Project and Phnom Penh City 7
Licensing for waste pickers, Phnom Penh (Photos: JICA & Phnom Penh Municipality, 2008) Manufacturing various crafts by recycled plastics and papers (Photos: JICA & Phnom Penh Municipality, 2008) Internalization of Informal Sector Activities into Urban Solid Waste Management FINAL DISPOSAL 8
Dump Waste Pickers Manual Separation Plant Established by public agency Managed by NGO Organization of dump waste pickers Improvement of working conditions Dump Picking License Coordinated by public agency Avoiding accident within the landfill Dump waste pickers in Ulaanbaatar. They are communicating with the public SWM agency for coordinating landfill operation. (photos: Yoshida, 2008) Dump waste pickers in Buenos Aires. They organize a Cooperative for self supporting. (photos: Yoshida, 2007) 9
Internalization at Final Disposal Process Construction of Manual Separation Plant by Public Sector Cooperation Manual Separation Final Disposal Union of the Dump Waste Pickers Cooperation Support from NGO and Private Sector Manual sorting facility in Buenos Aires. Waste Pickers Cooperative is operating the facility under cooperation of local NGO. (photo: Yoshida,2008) 10
Reuse & Recycle by Waste Generators Reuse & Recycle by Collection Process Recycling Plant Separation Plant Generation Discharge Collection Intermediate Treatment Final Disposal Dhaka Dhaka Street Waste Pickers Phnom Penh Dump Waste Pickers Buenos Aires Internalization of the Informal Sector into SWM system Conclusions Internalization of the informal sector into the urban solid waste management system have been experienced through four different ways. Those are implemented in the processes of waste generation, collection/transportation, intermediate treatment, and final disposal in the urban solid waste management. The key factor is the organization of waste pickers, and recycling market system in private sector is an indispensable prerequisite. Recycling is a private commercial activity and not a public SWM service. All the cases, NGO and/or CBO plays important role without which the internalization process could not be realized. 11
Recommendations Both the implementation agency and the non-government organization are required to co-operate the following points for contributing the internalization: (i) Making opportunity to exchange information between formal and informal sector, (ii) Technical training and education for enhancing technical knowledge on waste management, (iii) Improvement of working conditions, and (iv) Supports for unionization (cooperative) and economic self-dependence. Thank you for your attention 12
Acknowledgements Thanks to the JICA expert teams: Dhaka SWM Development Study Team Dhaka SWM Capacity Development Project Buenos Aires Waste Reduction Project Ulaanbaatar SWM Development Study Phnom Penh SWM Development Study Phnom Penh SWM Project Thanks to the colleagues: JICA Bangladesh Office JICA Mongolia Office JICA Argentine Office JICA Cambodia Office JICA Global Environment Department Thanks to the partners: Dhaka City Corporation Ulaanbaatar City Municipality of Phnom Penh Provincial Government of Buenos Aires 13