Case study: Integrated farming systems with fish in Vietnam Ngo Tien Dung, Lien Terryn and Raf Somers Vietnam Belgium Dairy Project (BTC MARD)
Outline A challenging time Agriculture in Vietnam Integrated farming systems with Fish in Vietnam Multiple Biogas applications
Challenging time Increasing world population Climate change natural disasters Grain price Depletion of fossil fuels and minerals prices
The need for food Currently 1 billion people are underfed or imbalanced diet The world needs to produce more food World population to be expected 8 to 10 billion by 2020
World population counter at IRRI
1981 1975
Climate change is for real! National Geographic Sept. 2004 1979 2003
Global warming: How the ruminant s contribution...? Ruminants produce 20-30% of global methane Methane Is a potent greenhouse gas contributes approx 20 % of global warming
Monoculture systems is sustainable? Has led to increased productivity Thanks to improved technology and genetic selection, but.. Animals: fed with large amounts of concentrates lost ability to consume large amounts of roughages. excreta becomes a waste product. Crop: Extensive use of herbicides and pesticides Crop by-products under-utilised Soil erosion
Time to panic? Not yet... But time to re think agriculture policies To be more efficient To be more environmentfriendly To make better use of by products and local resources To produce no or less waste... To be sustainable!
Sustainable agriculture? Ørskov (2008) on AAAP Conference: The world can double its food production The world can more than double its animal production But unlikely to be driven by fossil fuel so-called labour efficient monoculture systems rather by integrated farming systems that match with available resources use environment friendly energy sources. In this respect, we like to introduce some experiences from VN
AGRICULTURE IN VIETNAM
Vietnam Vietnam is a tropical country located in Southeast Asia with a monsoon climate The total area: 332.000 km 2 Two big river delta s Mountainous areas: ¾ (75%) total area 7 million ha agriculture land (4 million used for rice)
Population: 86 million in 2007 (70% in agriculture) High population density (260 people/km 2 ), Land for agriculture: <0.1 ha arable land per capita GDP: 640 USD/capita (2005) and 21% contributes from Agriculture
Vietnam s s Agriculture Before 1986: Vietnam - a long historical period of being grain deficit Government run agricultural coops 1986: Doi Moi (Reform) Family as main prod. Unit Land owned by farmers In 1989: producing enough rice to not only be self-sufficient but also to export.
Export of agricultural products Rice picture 1st in pepper 2 nd in rice 2 nd in coffee 2 nd cashew nut 3 rd in rubber 9 th in tea
Livestock population (million heads) Livestock 1990 2007 % increase over 17 years Buffaloes 2.85 2.99 105% Cattle 3.12 6.72 215% (In which dairy cattle) 0.009 0.114 1226% Pigs 12.3 26.6 216% Poultry 107 226 211% Source: General Statistical Office (2007)
Buffalo Swamp buffalo use as for draught power Imported from India
Cattle Local cattle (Yellow cattle) Laisind cattle (Yellow cattle x Sindhi cattle)
Dairy cattle x HF F1 x HF F2 x HF F3
Pig Local breeds Crossbreds
Goat and sheep
Chicken Chicken: Local breeds Crossbreds and Exotic breed
Ducks Ducks: Local breeds Duck and Muscovy duck: Crossbreds and Exotic breed
MIXED FARMING SYSTEM WITH FISH 1. Garden Fishpond Livestock (VAC) 2. Forest -Garden Fishpond Livestock (RVAC) 3. Fish Rice - Duck What are children thinking and how to setup sustainable farming systems?
Integrated farming system VAC and RVAC systems are familymanaged, with practically all labor coming from the household 3 components: Garden (V) Fishpond (A) Livestock (C) 4 th component in mountainous area: Forest (R) 85-90% rural families maintain a garden and livestock, with 30-35% of these having fishponds In many villages, 50-80% families have the full VAC system 30-60% income come from the system; in many cases, it may be 100%
Why we introduced VAC and RVAC systems? To settle the farmers and reduce Slash and Burn AND deforest
To control soil erosion: Inter-cropping Made hedgerow and terrace land
To produce food and meat for home consumption To improve living standard and protect the environment Sustainable Agriculture farming systems
Relationships in VAC and RVAC systems in Vietnam Garden (V) Keep moisture and Control erosion Forestry (R) Manure and draught power Feed (cereals, straw and byproducts) Livestock (C) Householder VAC provides Food, meat, eggs, fish ) Feed for animal Gas and Electricity Feed for fish Fishpond (A) Human excreta Effluent, earthworm Biogas, earthworm
Garden component (V) Uses Draught power from animals Animal manure as fertilizer (direct or through biogas) Water from pond for irrigation Products Food, mainly vegetables and rice for home consumption Feed for animal and fish (forages) Surplus production can be sold in the market By products: Feed for livestock and fish Rice straw
Fish pond component (A) Uses Animal manure as feed (direct, or through biogas) Garden (by-) products and Waste from household as feed Products Fish for home consumption, local market and export By products water for irrigation fertilizer for garden (Mud in pond) Fish by-product use as animal feeding supplementation
Livestock component (C) Uses Crop and crop byproducts from garden and Aquatic plant from the pond as feed Waste from household Forest as grazing field Produces Meat for home consumption and local market Draught power By- products: Manure as fish feed, as fertilizer and input for biogas Income generation Surplus production can be sold in the market
Forest component (R) Uses Manure as fertilize Produces Wood Foliage as feed for animal (goat) By products: Keeps soil moisture controls erosion grazing field
Household component Uses Rice, Vegetables Meat, Eggs Fish Gas & Electricity Produces Labor By products: Kitchen waste for livestock and fish feed Excreta as input for biogas
Biogas component Uses Manure from livestock and human excreta Produces Energy (gas and electricity) By products: Effluent as fertilizer and as fish feed AND reduces mosquito's, diseases Improves hygiene and sanitation.
Special attention The important use of agriculture by products as animal feed Earth worms Scavenging and grazing
Utilization agriculture product and by product as feed for animals Rice straw for cattle
Rice bran, cassava foliage and root
Corn stover, pine apple, molasses
Earth worms Earthworm as protein source for poultry After earthworm decomposed manure compost is excellent fertilizer (earthworm seeds)
Grazing Of course you see cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat grazing anywhere...
Grazing duck
Scavenging chicken
But, in Vietnam, pigs also graze and or feed forages
The income from VAC and RVAC systems? From V Keep moisture and Control erosion Forestry (R) From A From C Crops (V) Manure and draught power Feed (cereals, straw and byproducts) Animals (C) From R Householder Feed for animal VAC provides Food, meat, eggs, fish ) Gas and Electricity Feed for fish Human excreta Fish pond (A) Effluent, earthworm Biogas, earthworm
From Garden (V)
From pond (A)
From livestock (C) products
From Forest (R)
The economics With VAC (n=150farms) Without VAC (n=150farms) Products Produce Consumption % Produce Consumption % Meat (kg) 38.6 5.2 13.4 18.6 3.2 17.2 Fish (kg) 17.4 7.2 41.3 6.6 2.8 42.4 Eggs 55 39 70.9 20 128 64.0 Vegetables (kg) 429.0 35.4 84.4 42.6 35.2 82.5 Fruit (kg) 16.3 6.0 36.8 2.9 2.4 82.7 Income (1000VND/month) 197.1 91.1 116% Source: Khoa, L.V. 2000 1 USD=11,000 VND
Success of (R)-VAC systems Provide diversified food for home consumption Improve the overall nutrition of the family Increase the household income Contributing to reducing hunger and poverty alleviation Better utilization of local resources Protect natural resources and the environment. Labor is created in rural areas which reduces migration to the cities
VAC at commune level? VAC systems are a success at family level Resources are used within the family Plan to implement VAC at commune level By-products of one family become resource for other family
Rice - Fish Duck systems Ducks Control the weeds and insects Fertilize the paddy fields Fish Eat weeds Consume duck faeces
Benefit for rice production Reduced cost production No need for herbicides and insecticides Fertilizer Labor for weeding Improved soil fertility Increased rice production Food and environment safety Increased benefit
Benefit for Duck Production Lower feeding costs
Benefits for Fish production Lower feeding costs Efficient land use
The economics (Million VND/ha) Systems Rice Duck-Rice Duck - Fish - Rice Layer Duck Fish - Rice Inputs: -For rice 6.62 3.92 3.92 3.92 - For duck 8.70 8.70 52.92 -For fish 13.90 13.90 Total Input 6.62 12.62 26.52 70.74 Outputs: - From rice 8.56 8.03 9.85 10.44 - From duck 14.50 14.50 68.02 -From fish 46.39 47.92 Total Output 8.56 22.53 70.74 126.38 Net benefit Rice 1.94 4.11 5.93 6.52 Net benefit Duck 5.8 5.8 15.1 Net benefit Fish 32.49 34.02 Total net benefit 1.94 9.91 44.22 55.64 Source: Minh et al., 2004. (1 USD=15,000 VND)
Fish rice systems
Integrated duck-rice system in the rice field
Rice - Duck Fish systems
Multiple benefits of biogas
What is biogas? Anaerobic fermentation of manure Gas (60% CH 4 & 40% CO 2... ) Cooking & Light BUT also Generating electricity Biogas = Cheap & Clean Renewable Energy
Extra benefits of biogas Proper Manure Managament Improved hygiene & sanitation Less mosquitoes & flies Reduced pollution Reduction Green House Gasses (GHG) Bio-Slurry = Optimal Fertiliser Reduces the use of chemical fertiliser
Benefits for Households Cheap and clean energy Improved health, hygiene & sanitation Indoor air (smokeless) Less mosquitoes & flies, less diseases Reducing workload more time for other activities Reduced costs such as fertiliser
Benefits for environment
Biogas Plants in Vietnam > 150 000 systems 2 models: Fixed-dome plant Plastic bags (Nylon, PE, HDPE)
Green Circle introduced by Vietnam Belgium Dairy Project Manure Effluent Gas Fertigation
Sprinkler irrigation Mix bio-slurry with irrigation water Uniform distribution More efficient than raw manure Modified gasoline pump works on biogas!!! How to work in the field Transport effluent to the field by container Storage gas in plastic bag to run pump
Benefits for animal High Quality Forages High nutrient content Very productive High leaf/stem ratio higher eatable fraction Higher feed intake Less concentrate Healthier cows More milk More income
Conclusions The governments agricultural policy focuses on specialisation and industrialisation. Vietnam aims to be an industrial country by 2020. Hopefully, mistakes made in other parts in the world can be avoided in the process of transformation.
Vietnam, as well as other countries should build on the lessons learned from successful integrated farming systems, but scaling up these smallholders models is a challenging task. Agriculture systems will always be selected because of economical efficiency, but their sustainability will depends on how to use of local resources and being environment-friendly with no/less waste