1 Name: Date: Per: Academic Biology DLA 2 Review Genetics Vocabulary Define and provide an example for the following terms: Meiosis: Process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. Gamete: Specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction. Example: Sperm, Egg Haploid: Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes. Example: Sperm, Egg Diploid: term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes. Example: Humans Hybridization: Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms Example: Zebra + Donkey = Zedonk Inbreeding: Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. Example: Incest, purebred Pug Selective Breeding: Method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation Example: Breeder breeding cattle for leaner tastier meat. Transgenic Organisms: Organism that contains genes from another organism using recombinant DNA. Glow in the dark cats used for Feline AIDs research. Stem Cells: Cells that are not yet specialized and can be specialized into any cell type. Example: Embryonic Stem cells Genetic Engineering: Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms. Creating a species of corn that can make its own pesticide. Karyotype: set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs Autosomes: autosomal chromosome; chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. Example: Chromsome 21 Sex Chromosomes: one of two chromosomes that determine an individual s sex; females have two X chromosomes; males have on X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Nondisjunction: Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. a) Down Syndrome: Extra Chromsome 21 b) Klinefelter s syndrome: Extra X chromsome in males (XXY) c) Turner s syndrome: Female only has one X chromosome Label the diagram with the following chromosomal mutations: Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation
Short Answer How many chromosomes are in the human body? How many of these are sex chromosomes? How many of these are autosomes? 46 chromosomes. One set is from the mother, the other set is from the father. There are 22 sets of autosomal chromosomes and 1 set (chromsome 23) of sex chromosomes What are the advantages and disadvantages to selective breeding? Advantages: * Produces healthier and more productive crops *Better meat from livestock * Faster production from dairy cows * Faster and stronger animals for racing and working * Different breeds of domestic animals Disadvantages: * It takes a long time generations are required to get the correct mix of desired traits * You can t control what genes get passed on to the offspring you don t just get the desired traits What are the advantages and disadvantages to hybridization? Advantages: creates offspring that are usually hardier than the parents Disadvantages: 1. may lose native species 2. hybrids are often unable to reproduce What are the advantages and disadvantages to inbreeding? Advantages: Preserves similarities and desired traits Disadvantages: 1. Decreases genetic variation 2. Increases the likelihood of inheriting a recessive disorder List an example of beneficial bacteria: probiotics List an example of harmful bacteria. How do you kill bacteria? Staphylococcus, streptococcus What type of disorders can be identified through karyotyping? Chromosomal Disorders A homozygous recessive individual with blue eyes is crossed with a heterozygous dominant with brown eyes. Does a hybrid cross and list the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring. 2 Phenotypes: Genotypes: List the order of the taxonomy from the most inclusive to the least inclusive category. Circle the two categories that are used in scientific naming. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The following dihybrid cross is crossing two heterozygous smooth and yellow peas. Finish the cross and list all possible phenotypes and genotypes of the Smooth and Yellow peas.
3 List 3 reasons why Viruses are not living and compare and contrast the lytic infection cycle and the lysogenic infection cycle. They cannot reproduce on their own They can t eat or grow They cannot move Match the scientists: 1. Lyell C a. Proposed the mechanism of Natural Selection 2. Malthus B b. Said human population increases faster than food 3. Darwin A c. Geologist who said the world was 4.6 billion years old Evolution vocabulary (not all terms will be used, but you need to know them for the test!) Adaptation Frequency Natural Selection Homologous Structure Fossil Gene Pool Species Speciation Evolution Variation Vestigial Organ Artificial Selection Fitness Mutation Geographic Isolation Species Variation Evolution Fitness Adaption Mutation Natural Selection Vestigial Organ Fossils Artificial Selection 1. similar-looking organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring. 2. a slight inheritable difference seen within a species 3. process of long, slow change over time in a population 4. the success of an individual at surviving and reproducing in their environment 5. physical or behavioral traits that makes the individual more suitable to live in a particular environment 7. change in genetic material, which leads to a source of variation in a species 8. process in which nature selects those traits that are better able to survive to live the longest and reproduce the most within a particular environment 9. remnants of homologous structures with no apparent function 10. evidence or remains of ancient organisms 11. Nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variations that they found useful. Classification Vocabulary bacillus coccus spirilli Archaebacteria Eubacteria kingdom genus virus species bacteria 19. Species The least inclusive level of classification 20. Kingdom The most inclusive level of classification 21. Archaebacteria The two kingdoms that do not contain a nucleus Eubacteria 22. Virus Type of disease that cannot be treated with an antibiotic 23. Bacillus Term for bacteria that are shaped like a rod 24. Coccus Term for bacteria that are shaped like a sphere 25. Spirilli Term for bacteria that are shaped like a spiral
4 How are diseases spread? Contaminated water, exchange of bodily fluids, sneezing, coughing, etc Explain why an antibiotic can t be used to treat a viral infection. Viruses are not living, antibiotics target bacteria which are living. How does HIV affect the body? Lysogenic Infection What is the diagram below called? Cladogram 3 a c b 1 2 Which letter designates the most recent common ancestor of the ant and grasshopper? C The traits on the lines are called -- Derived Characteristics Give the number of where would you place the trait doubled wing pairs 2 Which letter designates the most recent common ancestor of all of the organisms shown? a Which organisms would have the most similar DNA? The butterfly and dragonfly or spider and caterpillar? Butterfly and dragonfly Use the dichotomous Key at the right and classify the leaves below. Write the common name of each leaf on the line next to its number. 18 Liquidambar 19 Robinia 20 Magnolia 21 Betula
5 DNA Fingerprinting Cloning 1. Study the diagram above. Briefly describe the steps involved in the cloning process. 1. Parents C and D. Procedure 1. Nucleus from an adult cell is placed into an egg cell without a nucleus 2. The egg cell begins to divide and forms an embryo 3. The embryo is placed in the uterus a foster mother, develops and is born 2. 50% of DNA comes from each parent. 3. No, because it would only match 50%. 2. Who will Dolly look like? a. Egg donor c. surrogate mother b. Body cell donor d. none of the above 4. What are 3 examples of uses for DNA fingerprinting? * Determine paternity * Identify criminal in legal cases * Identify unknown soldiers. 5. What cannot be determined from a DNA fingerprint? Genetic disorders 6. Briefly describe the steps of DNA fingerprinting? What are restriction enzymes? a. DNA is fragmented (cut) using restriction enzymes b. It is then placed in a gel and the fragments produce a banding pattern c. The banding pattern is unique for each person
6 Classification of Living Things: Six Kingdoms Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdom Eubactera Archaea Bactera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Cell Type Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell Structure Cells walls have peptidoglycan Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan Cell walls have cellulose; some have chloroplasts Cell walls have chitin Cell walls have cellulose Do not have cell walls Number of Cells Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some multicellular Most multicellular; Some unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph autotroph heterotroph Examples Streptococcus, E. coli Methonogens Halophiles Thermophiles Amoeba, paramecium. Slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms yeast mildew Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals