Learning Objectives This is Reservoir Engineering By the end of this lesson, you will be able to: Describe what reservoir engineers do, and why they do it Describe the general layout and structure of this course 1
Asset Teams Geology & Geophysics Reservoir Engineering Production Engineering Gas and Chemical Engineering Design and Construction Engineering Drilling Shifting Responsibilities Geophysicist Production Operations Petrophysicist Geologist Reservoir Management Research & Service Labs Reservoir Engineer Environmental & Legal Aspects Economics & Management Production Engineer Drilling Engineer Asset Manager 2
Principal Tasks of a Reservoir Engineer Principal Tasks of a Reservoir Engineer 21 Estimate hydrocarbons in place OOIP Original Oil in Place STOOIP Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place OGIP Original Gas in Place Estimate recovery efficiency Sweep Efficiency Reservoir engineer imagines that the original reservoir fluids are being displaced toward the well by some other fluid Engineer calculates how much of the reservoir area or volume is swept by the invading fluid, based on what he knows about the fluids 3
Principal Tasks of a Reservoir Engineer 21 Estimate hydrocarbons in place OOIP Original Oil in Place STOOIP Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place OGIP Original Gas in Place Estimate recovery efficiency Sweep Efficiency Drive Mechanisms Reserves vs. Resources Volumes based on conservative estimates of reservoir rock and fluid properties Appear to exceed the company s current minimum economic requirements All other volumes Principal Tasks of a Reservoir Engineer 1 Estimate hydrocarbons in place 32 OOIP Original Oil in Place STOOIP Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place OGIP Original Gas in Place Estimate recovery efficiency Sweep Efficiency Drive Mechanisms Reserves vs. Resources Create a strategy to recover hydrocarbons as fast and as cheaply as possible Depletion Plan Reserves & Resources Reserves vs. Cumulative Production 4
Volumetrics Formation Volume Factor Gross Volumes Porosity Rock Fluids Heterogeneity Dykstra-Parsons Coefficient Lorenz Coefficient Correlation Length Saturation Capillary Pressure 5
Material Balance (41369) p i /z i Oil, Gas and Water Track Production, Injection Track Reservoir Pressure Rock, Fluid Properties Forward or Backward p/z, psia (kpa) (34474) (27579) (20684) (13790) (6895) Material Balance Oil, Gas and Water Track Production, Injection Track Reservoir Pressure Rock, Fluid Properties Forward or Backward Drive Mechanisms Oil expansion Gas expansion Water expansion Rock contraction Solution Gas Drive Water Drive G p (Bscf) Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms Gas Cap Drive Gravity Drive Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanisms Depletion Water Drive Drive G = 48 Bscf Combination Drive 6
Darcy s Law Viscosity Permeability Formation Volume Factor Pressure Difference Geometry Linear Radial Spherical Pressure Transient Analysis Change rate, measure pressure Reservoir Pressure Rock Permeability Well Skin Stimulation vs. Damage 7
Rate Transient Analysis Pressure vs. rate Test vs. production Mathematical Transforms Decline Curve Analysis 8
Reservoir Simulation Gridcells Timesteps Pressures Repeat Reservoir Surveillance 9
Fundamental Challenges Fundamental Challenges 10
Fundamental Challenges The equivalent in the oil industry is to run a production log Although this is substantially cheaper than running 3D seismic, there is always the risk that logging will damage the well Volumetrics Material Balance Darcy s Law Pressure Transient Analysis Rate Transient Analysis Decline Curve Analysis Reservoir Simulation Reservoir Surveillance 11
Reservoir Management Start Early Discovery Delineation Development Primary vs. Secondary vs. Tertiary Abandonment Summary Reservoir Engineering Tasks Estimate hydrocarbons in place Estimate recovery efficiency Create a strategy to recover hydrocarbons as fast and as cheaply as possible Basin Play Prospect Exploration Abandonment Tertiary Discovery Secondary Primary Reservoir Engineering Tools Volumetrics Material Balance Darcy s Law Pressure Transient Analysis Rate Transient Analysis Decline Curve Analysis Reservoir Simulation Reservoir Surveillance Reservoir Management Delineation Development 12
Course Modules Course Module Listing Learn how properties change with pressure, temperature and rock type 13
Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Learn about Darcy s Law and how it is applied Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Learn about volumetrics, drive mechanisms and materials balance techniques 14
Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Reservoir Material Balance Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Reservoir Material Balance Decline Curve Analysis & Other Empirical Methods Learn about tools based on statistics Learn about the calculation of reserves 15
Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Reservoir Material Balance Decline Curve Analysis & Other Empirical Methods Reserves & Resources Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Reservoir Material Balance Decline Curve Analysis & Other Empirical Methods Reserves & Resources Pressure Transient Analysis Rate Transient Analysis Learn about pressure and rate transient analysis Applies to primary recovery, when the dominant drive mechanism is water drive or gas cap drive Learn about secondary and tertiary recovery 16
Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Reservoir Material Balance Decline Curve Analysis & Other Empirical Methods Reserves & Resources Pressure Transient Analysis Rate Transient Analysis Reservoir Fluid Displacement Enhanced Oil Recovery Course Modules Reservoir Rock Properties Reservoir Fluid Properties Reservoir Flow Properties Reservoir Material Balance Learn about reservoir simulation for modeling the behavior of the reservoir Decline Curve Analysis & Other Empirical Methods Reserves & Resources Pressure Transient Analysis Rate Transient Analysis Reservoir Fluid Displacement Enhanced Oil Recovery Reservoir Simulation Requires a working knowledge of all the other topics making up this course 17
Learning Objectives Describe what reservoir engineers do, and why they do it Describe the general layout and structure of this course PetroAcademy TM Applied Reservoir Engineering Skill Modules Properties Analysis Management This is is Reservoir Engineering Core Reservoir Rock Properties Core Reservoir Rock Properties Fundamentals Reservoir Fluid Core Reservoir Fluid Fundamentals Reservoir Flow Properties Core Reservoir Flow Properties Fundamentals Reservoir Fluid Displacement Core Reservoir Fluid Displacement Fundamentals Reservoir Material Balance Core Reservoir Material Balance Fundamentals Decline Curve Analysis and Empirical Approaches Core Decline Curve Analysis and Empirical Approaches Fundamentals Pressure Transient Analysis Core Rate Transient Analysis Core Enhanced Oil Recovery Core Enhanced Oil Recovery Fundamentals Reservoir Simulation Core Reserves and Resources Core Reservoir Surveillance Core Reservoir Surveillance Fundamentals Reservoir Management Core Reservoir Management Fundamentals 18