Waldbau für urwaldartige Strukturen in jungen Plantagen im Nordwesten der U.S.A. Nathan Poage Young-Growth (age 50yr) Old-Growth??? (current) (desired)
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KANADA Washington Oregon Arnoldseck Bushland MEXICO
KANADA Seattle Washington Portland Oregon
Mount Saint Helens Mount Rainier Mount Adams Portland Mount Hood Crater Lake
Mount Saint Helens Portland
Kahlschläge Mount Saint Helens Kahlschläge
Mount Saint Helens - December 31, 2006
Mount Saint Helens Before 1980 Eruption
Two Giant Explosions in the 1980s Mount Saint Helens May 18, 1980 Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis)
Kahlschläge Mount Saint Helens Kahlschläge
The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) - 1994
Northwest Forest Plan Land-Use Allocations Late-Successional Reserves (LSRs) 3,0 Millionen Hektar Wald Oregon Congressionally Reserved Areas 3,0 Millionen Hektar Wald Matrix and Riparian Reserves 2,7 Millionen Hektar Wald Adaptive Management Areas 0,7 Millionen Hektar Wald Administratively Withdrawn Areas 0,6 Millionen Hektar Wald
Twang
Jugging up
Looking out
Old-Growth Structural Characteristics
How might this forest have looked when it was young?
General Model of Forest Stand Development (Oliver 1981, Oliver and Larson 1996) Stand Initiation Stage Stem Exclusion Stage Understory Reinitiation Stage Old Growth Stage Establishment Thinning Transition Shifting Mosaic Spies (1997) Reorganization Aggradation Transition Steady State Bormann & Likens (1979)
Growth and Stand Density Density, ages, and growth rates in old-growth and young-growth forests in coastal Oregon (Tappeiner et al. 1997) Hypothesis: Large-diameter old-growth Douglas-fir trees in central western Oregon developed at stand densities lower than stand densities typical for young stands at present.
Previous Speculation about Old-Growth Douglas-fir and Low Stand Densities Long and/or multiple periods of establishment Franklin and Waring 1980, Means 1982, Yamaguchi 1986 Long, deep tree crowns [We] think that existing old-growth originally developed in stands that were understocked; under such conditions, branch systems might persist much lower in the crown. (Franklin et al. 1981) Individual tree stability Old-growth stands containing very tall trees (e.g., Douglas-firs) may be special cases of stands which began with few trees at wide spacings which permitted them to maintain stability. (Oliver and Larson 1996)
Diameter growth and age measured on 505 recently cut old-growth Douglas-fir trees at 28 sites in western Oregon (Poage 2001, Poage and Tappeiner 2002)
Diameter at Age 50 and Diameter at Age 100 (Poage 2001, Poage and Tappeiner 2002) 200 Diameter at 100yr (cm) 150 100 50 0 0 25 50 75 100 Diameter at 50yr (cm)
Diameter at Age 50 and Diameter at Age 100 (Poage 2001, Poage and Tappeiner 2002) 200 Diameter at 100yr (cm) 150 100 50 y = 1.31x + 9.64 0 r2 = 0.82 0 25 50 75 100 Diameter at 50yr (cm)
200 Diameter and Growth at Age 50 and Diameter at Age 200 Diameter at 200yr (cm) 150 100 50 y = 1.42x + 33.01 y = 10.09x + 30.08 r 2 = 0.53 r 2 = 0.65 0 0 25 50 75 100 0 16 64 144 256 Diameter at 50yr (cm) Basal Area Growth at 50yr (cm 2 /yr)
46 N Oregon Portland Temporal Establishment Patterns of 205 Old-Growth Douglas-fir Forests in Western Oregon 45 N Sites 1-4 Sites 5-10 Salem Sites 117-124 (Poage, Weisberg, Tappeiner, Impara, and Sensenig in revision) 44 N Sites 11-103 Eugene Sites 125-190 Sites 104-110 Sites 191-193 43 N Western Oregon Sites 111-116 42 N Medford Sites 200-205 Sites 194-199 124 W 123 W 122 W
46 N 45 N 44 N Oregon Portland Sites 1-4 Salem Sites 5-10 Sites 117-124 Sites 11-103 Eugene Sites 125-190 Sites 191-193 Sites 104-110 West Sites (1-116) Site Number 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 a f c f b c a c a c a c a c a 80 43 N Western Oregon 90 Sites 111-116 100 42 N Medford Sites 200-205 Sites 194-199 110 116 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 f c f c f e 124 W 123 W 122 W Douglas-fir Establishment (year)
46 N Oregon Portland East Sites (117-205) 117 120 130 140 c 45 N 44 N Sites 1-4 Salem Sites 5-10 Sites 117-124 Sites 11-103 Eugene Sites 125-190 Site Number 150 160 170 180 g Sites 104-110 Sites 191-193 190 d g c 43 N Sites 111-116 Western Oregon 200 205 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 e 42 N Medford Sites 200-205 Sites 194-199 Douglas-fir Establishment (year) 124 W 123 W 122 W
Silvicultural Approaches to Develop Northern Spotted Owl Nesting Sites, Central Coast Ranges, Oregon Andrews, Perkins, Thrailkill, Poage and Tappeiner (2005) Even-aged Plantation (age 50yr) Old Forest Nest Sites??? (current) (desired)
Northwest Forest Plan Land-Use Allocations Late-Successional Reserves (LSRs) 3,0 Millionen Hektar Wald Oregon Congressionally Reserved Areas 3,0 Millionen Hektar Wald Matrix and Riparian Reserves 2,7 Millionen Hektar Wald Adaptive Management Areas 0,7 Millionen Hektar Wald Administratively Withdrawn Areas 0,6 Millionen Hektar Wald
Matrix Treatments Age 50 yr 1) thin from below to residual basal area of 29 m 2 /ha 2) plant mixture of shade-tolerant species (no Douglas-fir) 50 yr Age 80 yr 1) thin proportionally to residual basal area of 8 m 2 /ha 2) plant Douglas-fir Age 120 yr 1) remove half of trees smaller than 15 cm in diameter (dbh) 2) no planting Age 160 yr (shown to left) 160 yr
Late-Successional Reserve (LSR) Treatments Age 50 yr 1) thin from below to residual basal area of 29 m 2 /ha 2) plant mixture of shade-tolerant species (no Douglas-fir) 50 yr Age 80 yr 1) no thinning permitted 2) no planting Age 120 yr 1) no thinning permitted 2) no planting Age 160 yr (shown to left) 160 yr
Owl Treatments Age 50 yr 1) thin from below to residual basal area of *** 6 m 2 /ha *** 2) plant mixture of shade-tolerant species and Douglas-fir 50 yr Age 80 yr 1) remove half of trees smaller than 15 cm in diameter (dbh) 2) no planting Age 120 yr 1) thin proportionally to residual basal area of 23 m 2 /ha 2) no planting Age 160 yr (shown to left) 160 yr
Old Forest Nest Sites Owl Treatments 100.0 % 57.3 % Percent Structural Similarity to Old Forest Nest Sites 17.8 % Matrix Treatments 17.6 % LSR Treatments
Large-Scale Silviculture Experiments in Western Oregon and Washington (Poage and Anderson in press) www.fs.fed.us/pnw/research/lsse/index.shtml Large-Scale Silviculture Experiments in Western Washington and Oregon 1. Capitol Forest Study (A) 2. Clearwater Study (B) 3. Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options Study (C) 4. DMS Initial Thinning Study (D) 5. DMS Re-thinning Study (E) 6. DMS Riparian Buffer Study (F) 7. Forest Ecosystem Study (G) I H I I Olympic Mountains I I Coast Range I I I A AC A G Washington B C W Puget Lowland C N 2S C E North Cascades Eastern Cascades 8. Long-Term Ecosystem Productivity Study (H) 9. Olympic Habitat Development Study (I) 10. Siuslaw Thinning and Underplanting for Diversity Study (J) 11. Uneven-Aged Management Project (K) 12. Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study (L) E JH F E FF F D J F D J F F D E F D Willamette Valley F D E F EF F D Oregon C C F D Cascades B L K H L L 0 50 100 Miles H Klamath Mountains Study Area 0 50 100 150 Kilometers
Bureau of Land Management s Density Management Study (DMS) (Cissel et al. 2006) The foundation underlying the DMS lies in findings that old-growth forests may have developed differently than current young managed stands (Tappeiner et al. 1997; Bailey and Tappeiner 1998; Poage and Tappeiner 2001). Many old-growth stands apparently initiated at relatively low densities, as evident by rapid diameter growth rates over the first 100 years (Tappeiner et al. 1997; Poage and Tappeiner 2001). Large-Scale Silviculture Experiments in Western Washington and Oregon 1. Capitol Forest Study (A) 2. Clearwater Study (B) 3. Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options Study (C) 4. DMS Initial Thinning Study (D) 5. DMS Re-thinning Study (E) 6. DMS Riparian Buffer Study (F) 7. Forest Ecosystem Study (G) 8. Long-Term Ecosystem Productivity Study (H) 9. Olympic Habitat Development Study (I) 10. Siuslaw Thinning and Underplanting for Diversity Study (J) 11. Uneven-Aged Management Project (K) 12. Young Stand Thinning and Diversity Study (L) 0 50 100 Miles 0 50 100 150 Kilometers H I H I I E Olympic Mountains I I JH F E FF F D J F D J F F D E F D Coast Range Klamath Mountains I I I A AC A F D E F EF F D Oregon G Willamette Valley C C Washington F D B L K H L L Puget Lowland B C Cascades Study Area (Poage and Anderson in press) W C N 2S C E North Cascades Eastern Cascades
The Nature Conservancy s Ellsworth Creek Watershed Restoration Project The Nature Conservancy recently purchased 2,000 ha of low elevation, productive forestland in southwest Washington. 120 ha is old-growth forest, with trees thought to be more than 800 years old. Olympic Mountains * Coast Range A A Willamette Valley Puget Lowland North Cascades Washington Eastern Cascades The rest of the watershed is second-growth forest; that is, it has been logged at least once and then replanted or left to regenerate naturally. Cascades Exactly how might we thin second-growth trees in order to accelerate the forest s development of old-growth characteristics? 0 50 100 0 50 100 150 Miles Kilometers Klamath Mountains Oregon