Strategies for Realization of Low Carbon Buildings ー From technical view point - Nikken Sekkei Research Institute t Katashi MATSUNAWA 1 Timeline of Environmental Issues in JAPAN The limit of growth Club of Rome The first oil crisis Energy-saving laws Earth Summit (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro Kyoto Protocol Toyako Summit conference 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Low Carbon Society Energy Conservation Era Mass Fossil Fuel Consumption Era Global Environment Era 2 1
3 Factor X Buildings The Factor 4 in Practice 5 km/l 20 km/l Aiming at achieving zero Carbon buildings 4 2
The Ecological Footprints of the World India 0.4 China Brazil Japan 0.9 12 1.2 2.4 How many Globes do we need? Russia 2.4 UK 3.0 France 3.1 Singapore(1995) 3.5 U.S.A 5.4 World 1.2 Ecological Footprints in 2002 (Eco Footprint Japan) CO 2 Emissions of the World India Brazil China France Korea Japan UK Russia U.S.A World 1.1 1.7 3.9 42 4.2 64 6.4 9.3 9.8 9.5 10.8 19.8 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 CO 2 Emission CO2 emission per capita per capita (t-co2 (t-co2 / capita) per capita) in 2005 (Source: EDMC,2008) We need a world wide approach for the future 6 3
Building and Global Warming Problem < Experience of Japan > Trend of CO 2 emissions in Japan Impact of buildings CO 2 emissions i from commercial buildings Structure of CO 2 emissions from buildings 7 CO 2 Emissions in Japan Building and Global Warming Problem ~Experience of Japan~ Tokyo: 63% comes from buildings. Japan: 31% comes from buildings. Tokyo Transportation 26.2% Others 1.8% Residential 25.8% Industrial 9.3% Commercial 36.8% Japan Waste treatment Industrial Energy supply process 6.1% 2.7% 4.2% Transportation 19.9% Residential 13.0% Commercial 18.0% Industrial 36.1% (Tokyo Metropolitan Government, in 2006) Building is the most important part for reducing CO 2 emissions in urban area. 8 4
Building and Global Warming Problem ~Experience of Japan~ Co2 emissions from commercial buildings(tokyo) CO2 emission (kg-co2/m 2 /yr) 300 250 200 150 100 50 Office Tenant Commerce Office Average Tenant Average Commerce Average 158 107 105 0 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Total floor are (m 2 ) Tokyo (2005) It is important to know the present state. Database for CO2 emissions should be provided. 9 Building and Global Warming Problem ~Experience of Japan~ Structure of CO 2 Emissions from Buildings Demand Side Buildings Supply Side Power Plants Power Fossil Fuel Energy consumption n Energy consumptio on Secondary Energy Consumption Primary Energy Consumption Evaluation tracing back to primary energy consumption 10 5
Building and Global Warming Problem ~Experience of Japan~ CO 2 Emissions from Commercial Buildings CO 2 emission i Primary energy consumption Secondary = energy consumption Secondary energy consumption CO 2 emission Primary energy consumption Energy saving by consumers Energy saving by suppliers CO 2 curbing by suppliers CO 2 reduction: Efforts by both consumers and suppliers are essential 11 CO 2 Reduction Efforts by both Consumer and Supplier Demand side Supply side A Low carbon Buildings B Low carbon Infrastructure [CO 2 Emissions] Current:A B=1.0 1.0=1.0 Future(1):A B=0.7 0.7=0.49 Future(2):A B=0.5 0.5=0.25 12 6
Approach to Realization of Low Carbon Buildings Passive way Active way Appropriate indoor condition settings Use of renewable energy High efficiency building services Appropriate energy management Mitigation of load Use of natural energy 13 Basic Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions from Building Section Strategy1: Energy Conservation in Buildings (With Passive Way) 1) Appropriate indoor condition settings 2) Mitigation of load / Inner load Zero 3) Use of natural energy:natural ventilation Day Lighting 14 7
Strategy2: Energy Conservation and CO 2 Savings in Building Services (Through Active System) 1) Renewable Energy PV Solar Thermal Utilization Biomass, etc, 2) Energy Conservation High Efficiency Air-conditioning High Efficiency Lighting Basic Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions from Building Section 3) Encouraging Effective Energy Management Defining management indicators & targets:kg-co 2 / m 2 yr Measurement/ BEMS Performance validation(commissioning) 15 Basic Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions from Building Section Strategy3: Energy Conservation and CO 2 Savings in Supplier side -1- Low carbon infrastructure at district level 1) High-efficiency system High efficiency district heating and cooling system Dispersed power source 2) Use of unused energy River and sea water Waste heat from incinerator Residual heat from sewage plant Flexible heat use among buildings 16 8
Basic Strategy for the Mitigation of CO 2 Emissions from Building Section Strategy3: Energy Conservation and CO 2 Savings in Supplier side -2- Low carbon infrastructure at regional level 1) High-efficiency thermal power plant ex. From 40% to 60% 2) Zero CO 2 emissions power plant Renewable energy (PV.etc) Nuclear energy 17 Challenges towards Low Carbon Buildings 18 9
Challenge 1 : Energy Conservation 19 Challenge 1: Energy Conservation Energy Conservation and CO 2 Savings Solar collector PV Wind Power Light shelf Louver Project room Lobby Summer, Mid-season: Natural ventilation Winter: Heat recovery Entrance Meeting room Atrium Cooling and Heating Trench 1) Natural ventilation 2) Day lighting 3) Use of underground heat 4) Photovoltaic power 5) Solar heat collector 20 10
Challenge 1: Energy Conservation Day Lighting & Natural Ventilation Opaque glass to defuse direct sunlight Roof vegetation Inclined ceiling for brighter ceiling surface Exhaust via Atrium Light shelf Double-sided lighting at Atrium Vertical eave blocks direct sunlight from the west Fresh air intake Airflow to remove heat between glass layers (Double-skin window) Machinery in Mechanical wall 21 Challenge 1: Energy Conservation Shading and Day Lighting with the Light Shelf 22 11
Challenge 2: Innovative Development of Renewable Energy Ceiling fan Light duct : Conversion Efficiency 30~80% PV : about 10% 23 Challenge 2: Innovative Development of Renewable Energy Natural light Mirror Duct Illuminating unit Light-capturing unit Eave Primary mirror Illuminating unit Mirror Duct 0 100,000 200,000 20m Benchmark 6.4m, 6 spans Light-capturing unit With Mirror duct and Dimming - 65% app. 24 12
Challenge 3:Introduction of Life cycle energy management (LCEM) Planning phase:setting up a target 1Energy consumption 2Amount of CO 2 emissions Designing phase and after:ensuring achievement 1Designing phase 2Construction phase Approval of equipment Test run and adjustment Acceptance inspection 3Operation phase One year After a number of years LCEM:LifeLife Cycle Energy Management 25 Challenge 3: Introduction of Life cycle energy management (LCEM) Concept of LCEM PlanningDesigningConstruction Handover 建築計画熱負荷計算計測値 Operation チューニング 計測値 Renovation Operation 計測値 LCEMのための一貫したマネージメントツール Tool (Simulator) 空調方式の検討 省エネルギー計画 機器承認 性能検証 検収 運転性能評価不具合解析予防保全改修計画 運転性能評価 要求性能設計性能設計性能機器承認性能引渡性能運転性能改善運用条件の変化改善性能の低下改修設計性能性能確認改修後性能 ( 目標性能 )( 発注性能 ) 計算値実績値 ( 計測値 ) 26 13
Challenge 3: Introduction of Life cycle energy management (LCEM) Development of carbon simulation tool scale MACRO Evaluation 評価メッシュ mesh MICRO 都市 City Expansion (Future)SPREEM-UD 3 Evaluation subjects 評価対象 地域 地区 District Block 街区街区 Building 建築物建築物システム System システム Machinery 機器機器 At regional and district level Energy Simulation SPREEM 2 ) At district level Energy Simulation LCEM tool 1 At building level Energy Simulation 1)LCEM:Life Cycle Energy Management Tool 2)SPREEM:Simulation Tool for Regional Energy and Environment Management 3)SPREEM-UD:Simulation Tool for Regional Energy and Environment Management for Urban Design 27 Feasibility study for realization of Zero carbon buildings 28 14
Feasibility study for realization of Zero carbon buildings Study subject: 5 story office building in Tokyo Comparing 3 different types of buildings 1)Reference building : current general energy saving building 2)High performance building : Leading edge high performance energy saving building 3)Ultrahigh performance building : high performance energy saving building with prospected technology development 屋上面太陽電池 壁面太陽電池 コア Core 太陽光パネル 32m 10 m = 320 m2 傾斜角 30 度 PV 屋上階平面図 Roof plan 29 Feasibility study for realization of Zero carbon buildings Outline of energy saving technology Reference building High performance building Ultrahigh performance building Energy saving level General Leading edge Approaching ZCB (current technology) (prospected technology) PV (m2) ー ー 320 320 Generation efficiency of PV(%) ー ー 13 25 Insulation(W/m2K) 1.03 0.6 0.6 0.37 Window single Low-ε Low-ε Low-ε Depth of eave(m) ー 1.2 1.2 1.8 Lighting(W/m2) 13 13 13 6.5 Outlets etc.(w/m2) 20 15 15 10 Air-conditioning(COP) 3 5 5 7 ZCB:Zero CO 2 Building 30 15
Feasibility study for realization of Zero carbon buildings Result Amount of CO2 2 排出量 consumption (kg-co 2 / (kg- 年m2 -CO2/yr ) m2 ) 60 40 20 0 CO2 排出原単位 :0.339kg-CO2/kWh 28% 28% saving 減 48% 43% saving 減 79% 79% saving 減 52 38 30 Others その他 Ventilation 換気 衛生 & sanitary Lift 昇降機 11 Light 照明 outlets コンセント Air-conditioning 空調 General 参照ビル building High 高性能ビル performance High 高性能ビル performance Ultrahigh 超高性能ビル performance building ( 太陽光発電を設置 building with PV. ) building Zero carbon buildings are possible by development of technology Even today, Zero carbon buildings are possible, if they are low-rise buildings 31 Feasibility study for realization of Zero carbon buildings Low carbon measures appropriate to the area Who Low carbon measures Central Vicinity Suburbs Consumer Building Energy Saving PV etc. Supplier Infrastructure at district level Infrastructure at regional level Use of unused energy High efficiency thermal power plant Zero CO2 power plant Suburbs Vicinity Central Tokyo 32 16
Conclusion 1. To Realize Low Carbon Buildings 1) Promotion of energy conservation by both consumer and supplier is essential 2) Further reduction of CO 2 emissions needs; Introduction of more renewable energy Enhancement of environment and energy management 3) Development of higher technologies 2. Low Carbon Buildings Leads Aesthetic Architectures and Cityscape 33 Thank you for your attention! 34 17