Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience in Experiences from India
51 Europe Eastern 78 Northern 13 Southern 80 Western 30 Total 201 Asia Eastern 88 South-Central 125 South East 57 Western 35 Total 305 Americas Caribbean 22 Central 50 Northern 90 Southern Total 248 99 261 Africa Eastern Northern 155 36 Middle Southern 42 52 Oceania Western 103 Total 388 1602 1559 Australia- NZ 39 Melanesia 8 Micronesia 2 Polynesia 1 Total 50 Global Scenario 1533 1975-2010
resilience framework Meteorological Irrigation, water conservation & management Disaster Hydrological Relief, cash assistance, subsidized food etc Sociological Agricultural resistant crop, soil conservation,
Major s in Colonial India Year Deaths Year Deaths 1770 10 ml 1877 10 ml 1801 2 ml 1891 ½ ml 1804 ½ ml 1899 10 ml 1806 2 ml 1901 2 ml 1812 1 ml 1904 1 ml 1819 2 ml 1905 ¼ ml 1825 1 ml 1907 ½ ml 1832 ½ ml 1911 1 ml 1833 3 ml 1913 ¼ ml 1837 1 ml 1915 ¼ ml 1853 2 ml 1918 2 ml 1860 ½ ml 1920 1 ml 1862 3 ml 1925 ¼ ml 1866 ¼ ml 1939 ¼ ml 1868 ¼ ml 1941 ½ ml 1873 ½ ml 1943 4 ml
Major s in Independent India Year Deaths Year Deaths 1951 1116 1974-1952 - 1979-1965 - 1982-1966 2353 1985-1968 129 1986-1969 - 1987-1971 - 2002-1972 - 2009 -
While India continued to have famines under British rule right up to independence they disappeared suddenly with the establishment of a multiparty democracy and a free press. a free press and an active political opposition constitute the best earlywarning system a country threaten by famines can have. Amartya Sen Hunger and Public Action
Irrig. Area (Million hectares)*) Type Utilization Major & Medium 28.02 Minor irrigation 10.12 Groundwater 42.50 * 34% of net area sown is irrigated Production of Food Grains in Million Tons Agri. Area (Million hectares)) Food grain Area Rank Rice 42.86 1 st Wheat 28.46 1 st Coarse grains 27.43 2 nd Oilseeds 34.45 2 nd Green Revolution Area under horticulture Horticulture products Horticulture 20.95 ml. hectare 220.87 ml. tons White revolution Milk production* 108.5 ml. tons Cattle population 185 million Buffaloes 98 million * India is the largest producer of milk
Supplementary Nutrition 2.8 million tons of food grains supplied to schools for serving cooked mid day meals to students 9 million tons of food grains supplied to Mother & Child Care Centers Village Grain Bank 20000 Village Grain Banks set up in remote and isolated areas to provide safeguard against starvation during natural calamity or lean season Food Corporation of India (FCI) Procures around 50 million tons of food grains annually at MSP Maintains buffer stock for exigencies Supplies rest to State Governments for distribution to consumers Public Distribution System National Food Security Bill NFSB envisaged as a path-breaking legislation, to protect all children, women and men in India from hunger and food deprivation. Targeted PDS (TPDS) 20 million tons of food grains are distributed at subsidized rate to people Below Poverty Line (BPL) 13 million tons to people Above Poverty Line (BPL) 500,000 fair price shops maintained under TPDS Food Subsidy Central Government spends US$ 9 billion annually on food subsidy for maintaining the TDPS and Supplementary Nutrition programme.
Early Warning Agencies India Meteorological Department Central Water Commission National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting National Remote Sensing Centre National Rainfed Area Authority Research Institutions Indian Council of Agricultural Research Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Central Arid Zone Research Institute Legal Framework Disaster Management Ac 2005 provides the overarching legal framework of management of all natural disasters India Legal and Institutional Framework Guidelines, Manuals, Plans Manual for Management Guidelines on Management Crisis Management Plan on State Management Plans Institutional Framework National Disaster Management Authority State Disaster Management Authority District Disaster Management Authority National and State Executive Committees National Disaster Response Force National Institute of Disaster Management Nodal Responsibility Ministry of Agriculture Government of India has the nodal responsibility of management of droughts in the country
IMD 48 hours Farmers Weather Bulletin Aridity Anomaly Index (AAI) Crop Weather Watch Group in Ministry of Agriculture Monitoring System Standarized Precipitation Index (SPI) NCMRWF Weekly Crop Advisories Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
National Agricultural Insurance Scheme Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme Integrated River Basin Planning Inter-Basin Transfer of Water Prone Area Programme (DPAP) Desert Development Programme (DDP) Mitigation Schemes Rashtrya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) National Food Security Mission National Horticulture Mission Artificial Recharge of Ground Water Rainwater Harvesting National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWWP)
Financing Relief Disaster Response Funds - - - NDRF, SDRF Development Programs Institutional Response Central and Government District administration Panchayat Raj NGOs Contingency Crop Planning Gratuitous assistance Tax waivers & Concessions Relief Mechanism Water Resource Management Health and Hygiene Cattle Camps and Fodder Supply Food security Relief employment
Levels of resilience and indicators National Resilience State Resilience Community Resilience Family Resilience At national and state level India has achieved drought resilience s lo longer lead to famine or famine like conditions s no longer kill people; although large number of people are affected the impacts are contained at manageable level s do longer affect economy in any significant way At community & family levels droughts do create significant distress aggravates poverty and affects nutritional standards of poor people affects women, girls and children disproportionately s leads to distress selling of land, and moveable assets of households leads to distress migration of people
Threats to drought resilience Slow down of agricultural growth Rising water scarcities Population growth Climate change