ENVIRONMENTAL TRENDS and GOOD GOVERNANCE Charles E. Di Leva Organization of American States Chief Counsel ESSD and International Law September 14, 2006 Legal Vice Presidency The World Bank
Key Relationship: Environmental Law and Sustainable Development 2
Good Governance and Development Outcomes Current Status Infant Mortality and Corruption Infant Mortality 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Weak Average Good Control of Corruption Development Divide Source: The World Bank 2006 3
Good Governance and Development Outcomes Current Status (Cont d) 12000 Per Capita Income and Regulatory Burden Per Capita Income 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Weak Average Good Development Divide Regulatory Quality Source: The World Bank 2006 4
Good Governance and Development Outcomes Current Status (Cont d) 125 Literacy and Rule of Law 100 Literacy 75 50 25 0 Weak Average Good Rule of Law Development Divide Source: The World Bank 2006 5
Good Governance and Development Outcomes Current Status (Cont d) Per Capita Income and Voice and Accountability Per Capita Income 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Development Divide Source: The World Bank 2006 Weak Average Good Voice and Accountability 6
Forest Sector Illegal logging estimated annual loss in assets and revenue of US$10-15 billon/a. Studies in 17 countries revealed that illegal logging ranges from 10-15% of total harvest in North-West Russia to up to 80% of total harvest in Bolivia and Peru and 90% in Cambodia. 7
Deforestation vs. Control of Corruption Deforestation vs. Control of Corruption Control of Corruption Index 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00-2.00-1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00-1.00-2.00 Annual Deforestation 8
Fisheries Sector 200 million people depend on fisheries, and over 20% of the world s 38 million full-time fishers earn less than US$1 per day. 25% of the marine fish stocks are overexploited and 50% are fully exploited. 2.5 million tons of fish are caught off West Africa with gross value of US$1.3 billion, of which about 18% goes to illegal or pirate vessels. 9
Conflict and Natural Resources Post-conflict countries often suffer damaged infrastructure and weakened governing institutions, which lead to further damage to environmental capital. 10
Cambodia Conflict and Natural Resources (Cont d) Vietnam War and post conflict destroyed infrastructure and exposed people to natural disasters, including floods and droughts. Over last 30 years, forest cover has declined from 70% to 30% of total land area. UXOs and lack of access to natural resources and cultivable land. Estimate land mines remaining near 5 million. 11
Conflict and Natural Resources (Cont d) Rwanda Pre-1994 total forest area of 417,000 ha fell to approximately 226,000 ha by the end of the conflicts. The large mammal densities decreased to about 30% of the original population size. 12
Conflict and Natural Resources (Cont d) Sudan Area equivalent to size of Western Europe has been denuded. 17 million ha of rain-fed arable land, half of the total usable land, have lost topsoil. Crop yields at 30% of previous levels in some areas of rain-fed agriculture. 13
Bank Efforts to Address Governance The World Bank finances over US$300 million in forest law enforcement and governance activities (supporting the Ministerial Forest Law Enforcement and Governance). (See also PROFOR.) The World Bank has also established a new Global Program on Fisheries (PROFISH). A Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) consideration to the implications of corruption and weak governance on the overall objective of poverty reduction. 14