Ethiopia s REDD+ Program (The Role of Forestry in achieving CRGE goal) REDD+ Lecture Series National REDD+ Secretariat Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Addis Ababa Science & Technology University College of Applied Sciences (March 23/2017) Addis Ababa Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Contents Global Climate Change: Evidence & Concern Global Response to CC Impacts: Adaptation/Mitigation The role of forests in Climate Change Mitigation/Adaptation The Ethiopian case: CC impacts & Measures Ethiopia s REDD+ Program: Goals, engagements/achievements Role of Academia Global Climate Change (Movie) Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Climate Change: What does it mean? A change of climate attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere - UNFCCC Significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature and/or precipitation) lasting for an extended period of time (typically decades).
The Inconvenient Truth Model predictions (including only natural drivers) Observed temperatures Model predictions (including natural and human drivers)
The Culprit: Human Activity Green House Gasses (GHGs) CO2; CH4; N2O Developed Countries: Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions mainly from Industry, transport (coal & fossil fuel use) Developing Countries: GHG source is Land use change and agriculture (agricultural activities & forest clearance) Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
What is causing climate change? The natural greenhouse effect Solar energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere Some energy is reflected back into space Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) trap some of the heat, warming the earth GHGs Earth s surface is heated by the sun and radiates out heat back towards space
What is causing climate change? Less infrared radiation (heat) escapes to space The enhanced greenhouse effect Higher levels of GHGs trap more heat in atmosphere, leading to temperature increases GHG GHGs s GHG GHG
The Ethiopian case Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
The Ethiopian Case: Impacts of changing Climate Flood, frost Recurrent Drought Increased temperature Rainfall Variability Disease outbreak Crop failure; Livestock death Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
The Ethiopian Case: Impacts of changing Climate * Since the 1960s, an average rise of 1 C * A 25% - 50% rainfall variability * A 20% reduction in rainfall in the The economic impact : droughts alone can reduce total GDP by 1% to 4%. south central region of the country Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
The Global Response to Climate Change Premise: The climate system is a shared resource; climate change is a global problem and requires a global solution UNFCCC: A global framework/treaty that aims to mitigate climate change and its impacts by reducing global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reducing vulnerability and risks through adaptations. Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Mitigation Measures Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
The role of Forests in reducing impacts of Climate Change Forests Store and Emit Carbon Deforestation & degradation of forests emit 5.87 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent Forests & other terrestrial systems - absorb 9.53 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Extent of forests globally 30% of earth s land surface is forest (4 billion hectares) Forest area by biome Area forest cover Tropical 16~17 M km2 Temperate 9~10 M km2 Boreal 15~16 M km2 Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Forest carbon globally 45% of terrestrial carbon is stored in earth s forests Carbon stock by biome % terrestrial C Tropical ~25% Temperate ~10% Boreal ~5% Forests absorb 2.6 gigatons C (9.5 gt CO2) per year Emissions from tropical deforestation 1.5 gigatons (5.87 gigatons CO2) C per year Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
How can the forest sector mitigate climate change? Increasing carbon stocks Creating plantations Carbon Stock Project Benefit Developing agroforestry Avoiding losses of carbon stocks Reducing deforestation Carbon Stock Baseline Years With conservation Benefit Reducing emissions caused by biomass energy usage Baseline (Deforestation) Years
REDD+: What it means? Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com REDD+: R = Reducing Emissions from D = Deforestation; D = Forest Degradation + = Conservation of forests; Sustainable management of forests and Enhancing forest carbon stocks
Eligible Activities of REDD+
What is REDD+? REDD+ is Climate Change Mitigation scheme for addressing emissions from forest sector in developing countries A policy framework with the goal of creating an economic value for the carbon in standing forests in developing countries An incentive mechanism (financial, technological and knowledge) that motivates actors that address the drivers of deforestation and to undertake restoration/reforestation
Evolution of REDD+ Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com RED REDD REDD+ (Montreal, 2005) (Bali, 2007) (Copenhagen, 2009) Milestone decisions on REDD+ in the UNFCCC Bali Action Plan (2007) Copenhagen Accord (2009) Cancun Agreements (2010) Warsaw Framework (2013) Paris Agreement (2015) Warsaw Framework Addressing the drivers of DD Work programme on results-based finance Modalities for NFMS & MRV The timing and the frequency SIS Guidelines & procedures for technical assessment of FREL/FRL Cancun Agreement (Beyond Carbon - community & Environment) The 7 REDD+ Safeguards Policy framework for REDD+
Why REDD+ is attractive? Significant 1/5 th of global GHG emissions come from DD Cheap much of the DD is only marginally profitable Quick - large reductions in emissions can be realized through a stroke of the pen reforms and not dependent on technological innovations Win-Win - potentially large financial transfers and better governance can benefit the poor in developing countries and provide other co-benefits too. Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
The Core Idea of REDD+
The Core Idea of REDD+ Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
National REDD+ program Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com Phased Approach: Due to differences in capacity (e.g. data availability) among REDD+ participant countries, national REDD+ programs in any country can start at different phases. There are 3 phases of a national REDD+ program Readiness REDD+ Strategy NFMS and Forest Reference Level MRV system; Safeguard Instruments Resultbased Actions Resultsbased Payment Implementation; demonstration activities Legal, policy and measures (PAM) Emissions reduction Payment for verified Emissions Reduction
Ethiopia s Response to Climate Change Impacts Ethiopia s Sustainable Development Direction Growth & Transformation Plan (GTP) Transformative economic growth to achieve middle income status Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy Ensuring Green development (zero net emissions) Path across economic sectors (Mitigation) Climate Resilience Strategy (CRS) Ensuring that Ethiopia s economy is resilient climate risks and hazards (Adaptation) to
The CRGE Strategy The CRGE aims to meet its development ambitions through keeping emissions constant for 20 years Emissions per year; Mt CO 2 e Agriculture Power Industry Forestry Transport Buildings 400 90 185 130-64% Emissions per capita (t CO 2 e/capita) 150 75 55 5 5 2010 1.8 9/29/2016 5 5 90 40 5 70 10 2030 BAU 3.0 Agriculture Forestry 10 Transport 20 Industry Green Economy initiatives Additional abatement potential of ~19 Mt CO 2 e Visit from us: exporting www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com green power to regional markets 5 Buildings 145 Green Economy 2030 1.1
Forestry in Sustainable Development Forest Soil Water SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Forestry in the the CRGE Strategy Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
National REDD+ Secretariat Who we are? National REDD+ Secretariat, MEFCC A team of experts Technical Staff National Coordinator; National REDD+ Pilots Coordinator; Safeguard Specialists Administrative Staff Procurement Specialist; Financial Specialist; M & E Specialist; IT Specialist; Administrative assistant Our Mission: Making Ethiopia ready to access the global REDD+ financing Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Our Engagement: REDD+ Readiness Elements National Forest reference Level Capacity Building/Awareness Creation National REDD+ Strategy National Forest Monitoring System/ MRV REDD+ Safeguard Instruments
REDD+ Management Structure Ministry of Environment, Forest, CC State Minister Environment and CC Sector State Minister, Forest sector Federal REDD+ Technical Working Groups REDD+ Secretariat Federal REDD+ Steering Committee Three Task Forces REDD+ MRV, Strategy & SESA/ESMF Regional REDD+ TWG Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com Regional REDD+ Coordination Units Regional REDD+ SC
Regional REDD+ programs Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Consultation & Participation Stakeholder Consultations and Participation Stakeholder C, P and Coordination Awareness Creation Forestry Capacity building C & P Plan A communication strategy Engagement of women and youth Multi-level, multi-sector coordination of key actors Livestock Energy Agriculture Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Drivers of Deforestation & Forest Degradation Direct causes of Deforestation & Forest Degradation
Drivers of Deforestation & Forest Degradation Underlying Causes of Deforestation & Forest Degradation Absence of land use policy/plan Poorly defined BSM Weak law enforcement Weak Forest governance (forest tenure/institutions) Poor coordination/ harmonization of policies Demographic pressures
Forest Reference Level National Forest Reference Level A Annual carbon emissions (MtCO 2 e, A) and removal (MtCO 2 e, B) by forest types (biomes) in Ethiopia between 2000-2013. C emissions: 17.9 MtCO2/year C removal: 4.8MtCO2/year B Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
National Forest Inventory Extent of the forest cover under the current Ethiopia s forest definition Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
REDD+ Strategy National REDD+ Strategy Strategic Options A/R Sustainable/ Renewable Energy PFM/PRM Targeted Interventions CSA/CS Livestock Mgt Forestbased Livelihoods Biodiversity Conservation Improved forest governance & Law enforceme nt Harmonized policies / legislations & Strengthening Institutions Strong Stakeholder Engagement & partnership Enabling Environment Land use planning Clear Benefit sharing mechanisms Targeted Interventions Enabling Environment
REDD+ MRV REDD+ MRV Visit: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Role of Academia Awareness creation: (e.g. Environmental/Nature clubs, Tree planting etc Integrating CC & REDD+ in Curricula: REDD+ Syllabus (WGCF-NR, Haramaya) Full-fledged curriculum (WGCF-NR, Mekelle, Wello & Other universities) Research Gaps: Develop new allometric equations; GIS/RS approaches; Forest structure and Biomass estimation Technical support: AAU and WGCF-NR (National REDD+ Program) Other Universities (Regional REDD+ program) Visit us: www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
raising. Take home message Climate Change is real & its impacts are diverse. Curbing the impacts of CC requires a global effort. Forests are major terrestrial carbon stores. REDD+ is a global mitigation mechanism to incentivize developing countries for improved forest management and emissions reduction. Ethiopia s forest sector is key in achieving sustainable development. Ethiopia s REDD+ program aims at reducing carbon emission from the forest sector and significantly contributes to the green economy goal. The success of REDD+ program depends on effective coordination among sectors (agriculture, energy, livestock, forestry ). Academia have a key role in advancing CC/REDD+ knowledge and awareness
MANY THANKS!!! Visit us: @ www.reddplusethiopia.wordpress.com
Adaptation Measures Vulnerability & Exposure Reduction Human Development, Poverty Alleviation & Livelihood Security Disaster Risk Management Adaptation Structural/Physical Institutional Ecosystem Management Spatial or Land use Planning Social