ESTIMATING THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FUEL CONSUMPTION DURING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES PEZHMAN SHAHID A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science (Construction Management) Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia JANUARY 2015
This project report is dedicated to my wife and my parents without their love and support it could not have been produced. iii
iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to acknowledge and thank the following persons for their help and support rendered throughout the period of preparation of this thesis. My supervisor, Dr, Khairulzan Yahya for his enthusiasm, guidance, constructive discussion and support throughout all stages of this research. To the staff of the faculty of Civil Engineering and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for their support and assistance towards my postgraduate studies. I wish to thank my wife for her love and support and my parents for their kindly support. Finally I appreciate all of my friends who helped me during this research.
v ABSTRACT Nowadays, there is a great concern about the environmental issues such as global warming. In the construction industry, traditional construction consumed huge amount of fuels and produce a large amount of carbon emissions that affect the environment. The aim of this study is to estimate the environmental impacts on global warming potential (GWP from fuel consumption during building construction activities by plants and machineries. The methodology that is used in this study is Midpoint Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). GaBi software has been used for the LCIA purposes. The findings revealed that there was a great impact from construction plants and machineries on GWP. Three types of machineries namely tower crane, lorry, and concrete mixer truck have been analysed in this study. Thed concrete mixer truck was found to be the highest contribution of global warming potential with the highest capacity of engine power. Results also shown that the global warming potential value for tower crane JT170-H10 and Potain H30/30C were 2.31E005 kg CO2 Eq and 2.37E005 kg CO2 Eq respectively. Meanwhile GWP for for Nissan lorry, Isuzu lorry and ZZ1257M3641 concrete mixer truck were 2.27E005 kg CO2 Eq, 2.24E005 kg CO2 Eq and 2.74E006 kg CO2 Eq respectively. The total global warming potential for all of these machineries were estimated to be around 3.7E006 kg CO2 Eq. Consequently, the concrete mixer truck were identified to contributed the highest carbon emissions because of the long usage duration and the engine power as well. Followed by the Potain H30/30C and JT170-H10. Moreover, Nissan lorry and Isuzu lorry were found to be the lowest contribution of carbon emissions. It can be concluded that the construction activities should take more consideration on the fuel consumption in order to reduce the GWP. Modern and efficient plants and machineries could help to reduce the fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions.
vi ABSTRAK Pada masa kini, terdapat kebimbangan mengenai isu-isu alam sekitar seperti pemanasan global. Di dalam industri pembinaan, cara pembinaan tradisional menggunakan sejumlah besar bahan api dan menghasilkan sejumlah besar pengeluaran karbon yang memberi kesan kepada alam sekitar. Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk menganggarkan kesan alam sekitar dari sudut potensi pemanasan global (GWP) daripada penggunaan bahan api semasa penggunaan jentera dalam aktiviti pembinaan. Metodologi yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah Penilaian Kitaran Hayat (LCIA). Untuk melakukan proses LCIA, perisian Gabi yang telah digunakan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kesan yang besar dari penggunaan jentera-jentera berat pembinaan terhadap pemanasan global. Tiga jenis jentera termasuk kren menara, lori, dan lori pembancuh konkrit telah dianalisis dalam kajian ini. Trak penggaul konkrit dikenalpasti mempunyai potensi pemanasan global yang paling tinggi dengan jumlah kuasa enjin yang tinggi. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan, GWP bagi kren menara JT170-H10 dan Potain H30/30C dianggarkan sebanyak 2.31E005 CO2 Eq dan 2.37E005 CO2 Eq setiap satu. Manakala GWP bagi lori Nissan, lori Isuzu dan trak penggaul konkrit ZZ1257M3641 adalah dianggarkan 2.27E005 kg CO2 Eq, 2.24E005 kg CO2 Eq dan 2.74E006 kg CO2 Eq setiap satu. Jumlah potensi pemanasan global untuk semua jentera adalah dianggarakan sebanyak 3.7E006 kg CO2 Eq. Trak penggaul konkrit dikenalpasti sebagai jentera dengan pengeluaran karbon yang paling tinggi. Ini disebabkan oleh tempoh penggunaan yang panjang dan kuasa enjinya yang tinggi. Selain itu, kren menara Potain H30 / 30C dan JT170-H10 turut dikenalpasti sebagai sumber pengeluaran CO2 yang tinggi. Manakala, kedua-dua lori Nissan dan Isuzu didapati menjana jumlah CO2 yang paling rendah daripada kalangan jentera-jentera ini. Kesimpulannya, bagi mengurangkan kesan GWP ditapak bina, sektor pembinaan perlu mengambil lebih pertimbangan tentang jumlah penggunaan bahan api dan selain pemilihan jentera-jentera moden dan efisyen bertujuan bagi penjimatan bahan dan mengurangkan pelepasan CO2.