Lecture 7 Module 2: Conventional Power Generation I Canada's Electricity Generating Capacity was 126,000 MW in 2007 Hydro 58.7% Coal 16.6% Fuel Oil 1.2% natural gas 6.6% Nuclear 15.5% Other (e.g., Wind,Tidal and Renewables) 1.4% 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:electricity_production_in_canada.svg Canada: Electrical generating capacity Canada had 130.5 million kilowatts of electrical generating capacity in 2010, up 6.1% from 2006. Most of Canada's electrical capacity in 2010 was from hydraulic- and thermal-powered turbines, which produced 75.1 million kilowatts (57.5%) and 51.4 million kilowatts (39.3%), respectively. Quebec accounted for 51.2% of Canada's hydraulic power in 2010, with a capacity of 38.4 million kilowatts. Ontario (25.5 million kilowatts) and Alberta (11.1 million kilowatts) provided most of Canada's thermal capacity; 47.0% of Ontario's thermal capacity was from nuclear steam turbines. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2012000/chap/ener/ener01-eng.htm 2
Canada: Electrical generating capacity The largest growth in capacity from 2006 to 2010 occurred in tidal- and wind-powered turbines, up 440.5% and 170.2%, respectively. Nova Scotia was home to the only tidal power turbines in 2010, with 20,000 kilowatts of capacity. Ontario is home to 36.7% of Canada's wind turbine capacity, nearly 1.5 million kilowatts. Alberta generated 20.3%, or 805,700 kilowatts. Solar-powered turbines accounted for 108,400 kilowatts in 2010, the first year solar power recorded a capacity. 3
Growth The largest growth in capacity from 2006 to 2010 occurred in tidal- and wind-powered turbines, up 440.5% and 170.2%, respectively. Nova Scotia was home to the only tidal power turbines in 2010, with 20,000 kilowatts of capacity. Ontario is home to 36.7% of Canada's wind turbine capacity, nearly 1.5 million kilowatts. Alberta generated 20.3%, or 805,700 kilowatts. Solar-power accounted for 108,400 kilowatts in 2010, the first year solar power recorded a capacity http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ 4
Canada: Energy Production Energy Production, By Fuel Type terajoules Fuel Type 2004 2009 Coal 1,415,738 1,361,322 Crude oil 5,869,418 5,447,476 Natural gas 7,095,655 6,236,021 Natural gas liquids from gas plants 650,709 635,164 Primary electricity, hydro and nuclear 1,522,225 1,645,665 Refined petroleum products 4,829,418 4,419,867 Source: Statistics Canada http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/2012000/chap/ener/tbl/tbl0a-eng.htm 21,385,167 19,747,524 5
From Hodge 6
Installed electrical generating capacity, by province, 2010 Ontario: Ontario Power Generation Ontario currently has the capacity to generate roughly 30,500 megawatts of electric power. Ontario Power Generation Inc. (OPG) supplies most of this generating capacity. OPG s generating plants include nuclear, hydroelectric, coal, oil and natural gas-fired stations. http://www.ieso.ca/ 7
Ontario: Ontario Power Generation As of 2004 OPG s electricity-generating portfolio had a total in-service capacity of 22,790 megawatts (MW)*. This consisted of: three operating nuclear stations with a capacity of 6,103 MW (four units at Darlington, four units at Pickering B and one unit at Pickering A); six fossil-fueled stations with a capacity of 9,718 MW; 35 hydroelectric stations with a capacity of 6,835 MW; and 32 EcoLogoM-certified green power stations,(29 hydroelectric and three wind) with a capacity of 133 MW. *Ontario's peak electricity demand is approximately 25,000 megawatts **One terawatt-hour is approximately how much electricity Ontario consumes in three days of average demand Central Plant Power Generation (types) Hydro electric Oil and Gas Fired Coal Fired Biomass (wood waste, garbage) etc. Nuclear Solar (discussed later) 8
Comparison of Power Generation Technologies Rogan, J. Byers, Comparison of Current Technology Options for Power Generation in North America, Presented at Global Climate Change Forum, Public Utilities Commission of Ohio, 1996, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. Hydro Electric Examples are: Hoover Dam in USA and the James Bay Project in Quebec Hoover Dam panoramic view from the Arizona side showing the penstock towers (from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hoover_dam) La Grande-1, Quebec, Canada From (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/james_bay_project) 9
fig_03_03 table_03_01 from Hodge 10
James Bay Hydro Project the construction by Hydro-Québec of a series of hydroelectric power stations on the La Grande River in northwestern Quebec, Canada, and the diversion of neighbouring rivers into the La Grande watershed. located between James Bay to the west and Labrador to the east and its waters flow from the Laurentian Plateau of the Canadian Shield. project covers an area of the size of the State of New York and is one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world. cost upwards of $20 billion US to build and has an installed generating capacity of 16,000 megawatts, three times more than all of the power stations at Niagara Falls, eight times the power of Hoover Dam, and over twice the power of all eight reactors units at the Bruce Nuclear Generating Station, the largest in North America. If fully expanded to include all of the original planned dams, as well as the additional "James Bay II" projects, the system would generate a total of 27,000 MW, making it the largest hydroelectric system in the world. From (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/james_bay_project) For the 14,000 MW installed power, 1350 square kilometres were flooded. Itaipu Power Dam in South America is the largest hydro electric dam in the world fig_03_04 from Hodge See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/itaipu_dam#social_and_environmental_impacts for a list of the environmental Impact 11
fig_03_18 from Hodge START Wednesday!!!!!!! 12
Turbomachinery From Hodge 13
fig_03_20 from Hodge 14
Thermal Power Generation Thermal Power Generation Simplified Thermodynamic Cycles: the Vapour Power Cycle For a review please refer to the course notes on the ME 230 Website at http://me.queensu.ca/courses/mech230/notes/ 15
Thermal Power Plants Simplified Thermodynamic Cycles: the Rankine Cycle Thermal Power Generation Simplified Thermodynamic Cycles: the Rankine Cycle Effects of Pump and Turbine Efficiencies 16
Thermal Power Plants Simplified Thermodynamic Cycles: the Rankine Cycle Thermal Power Generation Simplified Thermodynamic Cycles with Reheat 17
Thermal Power Generation Component Schematics and Thermodynamic Cycles Actual Heat Balance Diagram for a Thermal Station 18
Fossil fuel fired plants have many components to deal with emissions resulting from combustion of the fuel Thermal Power Plant Components Boilers Turbines & Generator Units Condensers, cooling towers Feed-water heaters, air heaters Fuel handling (conveyers, coal pulverizers etc.) Emission control devices electrostatic precipitators Scrubbers Catalytic converters fly-ash re-injection 19
Thermal Power Plant Components History Boiler Failures Boiler failures and deaths drove boiler redesigns and the development of pressure relief valves 20
Oct 9 2012 Modern Boiler Designs (Small Packaged Units for heating and cooling applications) Water Tube Boiler: Queen s Heating Plant 21
Steam Generator (boiler unit) for a coal fired Power Station Start on Friday Oct 15 2014 Economizer for a Babcock and Wilcox boiler. Feed water enters and exits the unit through upper and lower header manifolds. Hot gas flows over the pipes and feedwater is forced through the piping. Superheater and reheater sections are constructed in a similar fashion. 22
Components of large boiler unit (steam-generator) Start here for Thursday Oct 10 Air Pre-heater Air heater used to transfer heat from the outgoing exhaust gas to the intake combustion air. The air heater pre-heats the combustion air and improves plant efficiency. The unit consists of a large rotating basket, half the area located in the hot gas stream and half located in the cold intake air stream. Heat removed by the rotating basket is carried into the cold air stream where it is used to preheat the intake air. Flexible seals next to the basket minimize gas/air leakage between the fluid streams. 23
Exterior of a large commercial Steam generator and auxiliary equipment Turbine Generator Unit 24
Steam Turbine Unit Turbine Improvements Rogan, J. Byers, Comparison of Current Technology Options for Power Generation in North America, Presented at Global Climate Change Forum, Public Utilities Commission of Ohio, 1996, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. 25
Feedwater Heater Generator Unit 26
Cooling towers: used more often in Europe and USA than Canada. Rivers and lakes are often used to reject condenser heat. 27