Energy, Environment, Hydrogen: A Case For Fuel Cells

Why Do We Need Energy? Heating/Cooking Transportation Manufacturing

What Energy Sources Have We Used Over Time?

Why Do We Care About Finding New Sources of Energy? Abundance Energy Security Environment Cost

Energy Usage: Today and Tomorrow Net World Energy Consumption, 1980-2020 600.00 Energy Consumption, Quads 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 Current Linear Growth in Energy Consumption is ~ 2% At that rate, world energy needs will double in 35 years 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Year

Who is Using all this Energy? World Energy Consumption, 2004 Africa 3% Asia Middle East 3% Europe and Eurasia 29% USA 23% 33% The United States consumes 23% of the world s s energy production Canada 3% Mexico 1% Central and S. America 5% Q:How do we get all this energy?

Where Does Energy Come From? Energy Sources, 2004 (World) Nuclear 6% Coal 27% Hydro 6% Oil 37% Energy Sources, 2004 (USA) Coal 24% Nuclear 8% Hydro 3% Oil 40% Natural Gas 24% Natural Gas 25%

Where Does Energy Come From? 89% of the world s energy consumption is produced from Fossil Fuels Coal: Burn for electricity, heat Natural Gas: Burn for electricity, heat Oil: Refine into Kerosene, Gasoline, Jet Fuel Burned or combusted for electricity, heat or mechanical energy (automobile engine) The VAST MAJORITY of our energy is obtained by burning fossil fuels!

Energy from Oil Total World Reserves of Petroleum (Oil) : 162 billion tonnes, or 6500 quads. Distribution of Proven Oil Reserves, 2004 (BP) North America 5% Russian Federation 6% Venezuala 7% If 40% of world s energy consumption comes from Oil, current proven oil reserves will be gone by 2035. UAE 8% Saudi Arabia 22% Iran 11% Iraq 10% Kuwait 8%

Energy from Natural Gas Total World Reserves of Natural Gas : 180 Trillion m 3, or 6500 quads. Distribution of Proven Natural Gas Reserves, 2004 (BP) Qatar 14% UAE, 3% Algeria, 3% Nigeria, 3% USA, 3% Venezuela, 2% If 25% of world s energy consumption comes from Natural Gas, current proven reserves will be gone by 2045. Iran 15% Russian Federation 27%

Energy from Coal Total World Reserves of Coal : 909,064 million tonnes, or 18,500 quads. Distribution of Proven Coal Reserves, 2004 (BP) South Africa 7% Australia 8% If 25% of world s energy consumption comes from coal, current proven reserves will be gone by 2085. China 13% USA 26% India 13% Russian Federation 15%

Fossil Fuels are Running Out! Between Oil, Natural Gas and Coal, fossil fuel reserves comprise 32,000 quads. At our current rate of 400 quads consumed per year, that will last us 80 years. If our rate of consumption continues to increase by 2% each year, that will only last 45 years.

Alternative Energy Timeline Replace Oil (40% total energy) by 2035 Replace NG (25% total energy) by 2045 Replace Coal (25% total energy) by 2085 By the end of the century, there may be no more fossils fuels. Hydrogen does not (necessarily) come from fossil fuels!

How do we get Energy from Fuels? Combustion is a prime means today Burning fuel with oxygen from air, to generate hot gas Convert energy within the hot gas into mechanical energy, via Piston or Turbine. Mechanical energy can be directly used, or converted into electrical energy, by a Generator.

How do we get Energy from Fuels? Example 1: The four-stroke piston engine. Chances are, you got here today with one of these. Burns gasoline with air. Emits SO X, NO X, carbon monoxide, carbon particulates

How do we get Energy from Fuels? Example 2: The Coal-Fired Electrical Plant. Combustion produces NO X, SO X, Soot Burns coal with air to heat steam. Steam turns a turbine. Turning generator produces electricity. Image courtesy of Tennessee Valley Authority

Fossil Fuels Are Dirty Pollution: Combustion of gasoline, kerosene, coal, natural gas produces oxides. Why? Because combustion is reaction of oxygen from air with fuel, i.e. oxidation. Carbon Monoxide: POISON! Carbon Dioxide: Greenhouse Gas! Nitrogen & Sulfur Oxides: Cause Smog, Acid Rain

Pollution from Fossil Fuels Smog in Mexico City, Mexico Acid Rain Damaged Trees, Mt. Mitchell, NC Coal Mine Drainage into Local Stream, NC Wildlife Affected by Oil Spills, Alaska

Hydrogen: A Better Solution Hydrogen is one of the most abundant materials in the universe We can extract hydrogen from: Fossil fuels (e.g. oil, natural gas, coal) Bio-Fuels (e.g. ethanol, methane) We can convert electricity to hydrogen Electrolysis of Water: A closed-loop! Hydrogen from Solar Power Hydrogen from Wind Power

Important Properties of Hydrogen Colorless, Odorless, Buoyant

Important Properties of Hydrogen Energetic Releases lots of heat upon combination with oxygen to produce water (H 2 O)

How Can We Produce Hydrogen? From Hydrocarbons From Water Electricity splits water (H 2 O) into H 2 and O 2

Hydrogen Fuel Cell: A New Hope Runs off of clean hydrogen gas and air H 2 2H + + 2e - ½ O 2 + 2H + + 2e - H 2 O Produces water and electricity NO POLLUTION!

How Can Hydrogen Production Be Sustainable?

Hydrogen: A Clean, Closed Cycle Electricity Used When and Where It is Needed ev H 2 O Fuel Cell, Coverts Hydrogen to Electricity Solar Hydrogen Storage, Piping, Delivery H 2 O 2 Nuclear Wind Electrolysis of Water, Converts Electricity to Hydrogen H 2 O

Fuel Cells The Energy of the Future, Today Automobiles Buses Scooters Bicycles Golf-carts Fork lifts Utility vehicles Distributed power generation Back-up power Portable power Space Airplanes Locomotives Boats Underwater vehicles

PEM Fuel Cells used in Gemini program Apollo program used alkaline fuel cells Space Shuttle uses alkaline fuel cells Renewed interest in PEM fuel cells First PEM Fuel Cell Grubb and Niedrach (GE) Gemini Space Program 1960s Courtesy of UTC Fuel Cells

German Fuel Cell Submarine Program Siemens Fuel Cells 120 kw PEM Fuel Cell Module Fuel Cell Battery for U212 including switchboard

First PEM Fuel Cell Powered Submarine (1989) PC1401 by Perry Group

Every car manufacturer has demonstrated a prototype fuel cell vehicle

Configurations of automotive fuel cell systems 1) Fuel cell provides all the power 2) Fuel cell provides nominal power battery provides peak power (parallel hybrid) 3) Fuel cell charges the batteries (series hybrid) 4) Fuel cell as an auxiliary power unit 1) 2) fuel cell el. motor fuel cell battery el. motor 3) fuel cell battery el. motor 4) IC engine fuel cell

There are already hundreds of hydrogen refueling stations!

Fuel cells as battery replacement early development Fraunhofer Institut

Fuel cells as battery replacement recent development

Fuel Cells for The Home, Office and Beyond Choice of fuel Oil, Gas, Hydrogen Application Home, office, factory Grid connection Surplus electricity sold back to the power company

Reversible (Regenerative) Fuel Cell solar array motor electrolyzer hydrogen oxygen fuel cell water

Reversible (Regenerative) Fuel Cell motor solar array hydrogen electrolyzer oxygen water During the day, solar panels produce electricity, for home and for generating the night s worth of hydrogen.

Reversible (Regenerative) Fuel Cell motor hydrogen fuel cell oxygen water During the night, solar panels produce no electricity, so hydrogen is used by fuel cell to provide electricity.

Hydrogen in History The balloon skin was highly flammable the balloon, not the hydrogen, is what actually caught on fire.(of course, all that hydrogen exacerbated the problem ) The Hindenburg Explosion, May 6 th, 1937 Hydrogen isotopes fuse to form helium (Nuclear Fusion) NOT Hydrogen combustion! 2 3 4 1 H+ 1H 2He + n + 17.6 MeV The Hydrogen Bomb, Nov 1 st, 1952

Photo 1 - Time: 0 min, 0 sec Vehicle with hydrogen tank Vehicle with gasoline tank

Photo 2 - Time 0 min, 3 seconds - Ignition of both fuels occur. Hydrogen flow rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline flow rate 680 cc/min. Vehicle with hydrogen tank Vehicle with gasoline tank

Photo 3 - Time: 1 min, 0 sec - Hydrogen flow is subsiding, view of gasoline vehicle begins to enlarge Vehicle with hydrogen tank Vehicle with gasoline tank

Questions?