Atomic Energy & Alternative Energies Commission CEA Closing the fuel cycle and Managing nuclear waste Walid BENZARTI walid.benzarti@gmail.com Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 1
«Renaissance» of electronuclear power at worldwide level From now to 2020-2030 Finland 2,8 3,2 100 Canada 13 25/30 128 USA 1,6 12 10 1,4 1,5 Mexico 2 Ambitious decided programs 4 Brazil 1 1,4 Argentina Powers in GWe 3 3 Installed (2008) Morroco Tunisia Egypt 2 0,9 Libya 1 1,8 UAE 3 South Af. 1,9 20 Ambitions 2020 UK 12 Spain 8 6 France 63 Belg. 6 3,2 Ger. 21 Sweden 9 Poland*? 30 Lithuania* 1,3 1,6 21 Ukraine 14 2 Romania* 0,7 2 Bulgaria* 2,9 2 Turkey 1,5 China 9,1 35 to 90 Russia 20? Tch. Rep. * 3,7 Slovakia* 2,6 0,9 Hungary* 1,9 1,6 Est. Europe * 12 8 South Korea 17 10 47 17? but also, at the same time, countries with small fleets looking for new constructions preparing the introduction of a first nuclear plant India 3,4 Thailand 4 beginning to consider nuclear as an option in their future energy mix Vietnam 8 Taïwan 5 2,6 Japan Indonesia 1 Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 2
The current nuclear power fleet in France EPR FLAMANVILLE GRAVELINES PALUEL PENLY NOGENT / SEINE CHOOZ EPR CATTENOM 63 GWe installed 58 PWR units ST-LAURENT CHINON LE BLAYAIS CIVAUX GOLFECH DAMPIERRE BELLEVILLE ST-ALBAN CRUAS TRICASTIN BUGEY FESSENHEIM 19 sites ; 1 single technology A fleet : 900 MWe 34 1300 MWe 20 1500 MWe Young: average age = 23 years old Mature: > 1250 cumulated reactor-years 4 In 2017, 60 units and 66 GWe installed Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 3
French atomic energy commission 1945 : CEA foundation Atom and its applications for France : defense, energy, research, industry Today and tomorrow Reference institution at worldwide level for nuclear energy Leading European body for technological research Energy (non-ghg emitting) Defence and global security Fundamental Research Technologies for information and health Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 4
CEA : Facts & figures ~ 16000 employees 3,5 Billions annual budget 3834 patents registered or in force (2007) more than 1300 contracts signed with industry 109 start-ups created since 1984 - Success Stories AREVA Industrial Group (Nuclear) SOITEC (SOI wafers 1 st supplier) 9 research centers Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 5
Experimental Infrastructures widely utilised in cooperation with industry Materials OSIRIS LECI, PELECI Saclay Fuel cycle Marcoule Cadarache JHR ATALANTE and Zero Power Reactors, Severe Accidents facilities, Loops Fuel fab. LEFCa Fuel PIE LECA/STAR Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 6
JHR, research infrastructure for material & fuel science meeting industry & public bodies stakes Open to International Cooperation 51,12m x 46,75m + Φ36.6m H 34,4m + H44,9 m 100MW material testing reactor First concrete: 6/08/09 Creation decree: October 2009 Start 2015 Plant life time management - Ageing management - Operation optimisation - Licensing process Fuel evolution and related safety - improving U consumption in current and future reactor technologies Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 7
Closing the Fuel cycle an industrial reality Sustained R&D effort Mines Chemistry Enrichment More than 25 years of unequalled experience in France : Ultimate Waste Disposal Recycling : MOX Fuel fabrication Fuel Fabric. Up to now: ~ 20 000 Mt HM spent fuel reprocessed and more than 1200 Mt HM reused MOX fuel Spent Fuel Reprocessing Reactors & Services Recycles 96% of spent fuel materials Saves 30% of natural resources Costs less than 6% of the kwh total cost Reduces 5 times the amount of wastes Reduces by 10 times the waste radiotoxicity La Hague Adapted technologies allow a safe conditioning of wastes to guarantee antee their long term confinement and stability, for dozens of thousands of years Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 8
Final Waste Radiotoxicity 10000 1000 Radiotoxicité relative 100 U ore 10 1 0,1 GLASSES FPsONLY GLASSES FPs+MAs 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 Temps (années) TIME after unloading/processing (years) SPENT FUEL FP:Fission Products MA: Micro Actinides Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 9
French 2006 Act on sustainable management of nuclear materials & waste Defines a stepwise program for long-lived waste that accounts for the complementarities of various approaches, including Partitioning & Transmutation RECYCLE (reprocess) To decrease waste amount & toxicity Retrievable geological repository for ultimate waste A «ROADMAP» : 2012: assess the industrial potentialities of advanced recycling options and fast reactors prototype by 2020 s 2015: repository defined operation by 2025 Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 10
Yet many developments under consideration to further improve it The recycling plant of the future new fuel (MOX) new fuel PWR 2 nd /3 rd Gen Spent fuel Recycling Treatment & Prefabrication Spent fuel FNR 4 th Gen. ready for disposal - Energy efficiency of natural resource: from less than 1% up to 50% - Sharply decrease the repository impact: decrease long term impact (temperature) - Resistant to proliferation: process without isolated plutonium b a Atalante/L15 Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 11
Fleet and Fuels will evolve LWRs FRs TODAY (HBU, MOX) THEN? (?) (feeding FRs) THEN? (?) (multi-recycle FRs) THEN? (minor actinide recycle? ) processes & technologies : flexible, efficient, cost-effective, clean, proliferation-resistant Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 12
France is developing a new Sodium FR prototype: ASTRID An Industrial Prototype Coupled to the grid, 600MWe to demonstrate the feasibility at industrialscale of innovative options in the fields of safety, operability and economy And a tool for assessing at a larger scale the feasibility of the transmutation of radioactive waste, providing irradiation services, and testing innovative reactor design options Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 13
France s position and propositions The recent International Conference on Access to Civil Nuclear Energy, held in Paris at the initiative of French President Sarkozy, was the occasion to word our position and propositions : Financing : «the World Bank, the EBRD and the other development banks should make a firm commitment to finance [ ] nuclear energy» and nuclear energy should be able to join the CDM market, Transparency : «No development of civil nuclear energy without a commitment to transparency», Education & training should be made a priority and an international network of centres of excellence on nuclear energy should be set up ; France would contribute through its International Nuclear Energy Institute, Safety should be the n 1 priority, Compliance with international treaties and non-proliferation commitments is an absolute necessity. Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 14
Atom, from research to industry Defense Energy Information and health technologies Walid BENZARTI walid.benzarti@gmail.com Closing the fuel cycle and managing nuclear waste July 6, 2010, Singapore, 15